Merge pull request #556: Release: VectorCraft v0.7.0

Release: VectorCraft v0.7.0

Cargo.lock

@@ -2283,9 +2283,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "muda"
-version = "0.21.0"
+version = "0.21.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c6744ab645ebe79f9c428455c7cb9dfa4275fa3b50a25408e08f927da8dc618c"
+checksum = "9a7b000cca0783af26837fe2ebd9ddf1c42279463c085b97622ee1d2f444b89e"
 dependencies = [
  "crossbeam-channel",
  "dpi",
@@ -2294,7 +2294,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "objc2-app-kit 0.3.2",
  "objc2-core-foundation",
  "objc2-foundation 0.3.2",
- "once_cell",
  "png 0.18.1",
  "thiserror 2.0.21",
  "windows-sys 0.61.2",
@@ -2777,7 +2776,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "7d8fae84b431384b68627d0f9b3b1245fcf9f46f6c0e3dc902e9dce64edd1967"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -4297,7 +4296,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "vectorcraft"
-version = "0.6.0"
+version = "0.7.0"
 dependencies = [
  "arboard",
  "block2 0.6.2",
@@ -4321,7 +4320,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "vectorcraft-brush"
-version = "0.6.0"
+version = "0.7.0"
 dependencies = [
  "kurbo 0.13.1",
  "serde",
@@ -4333,7 +4332,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "vectorcraft-cad"
-version = "0.6.0"
+version = "0.7.0"
 dependencies = [
  "image",
  "kurbo 0.13.1",
@@ -4349,7 +4348,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "vectorcraft-cli"
-version = "0.6.0"
+version = "0.7.0"
 dependencies = [
  "serde_json",
  "vectorcraft-color",
@@ -4365,7 +4364,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "vectorcraft-color"
-version = "0.6.0"
+version = "0.7.0"
 dependencies = [
  "kurbo 0.13.1",
  "moxcms",
@@ -4377,7 +4376,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "vectorcraft-doc"
-version = "0.6.0"
+version = "0.7.0"
 dependencies = [
  "image",
  "jpeg-encoder",
@@ -4394,7 +4393,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "vectorcraft-effects"
-version = "0.6.0"
+version = "0.7.0"
 dependencies = [
  "kurbo 0.13.1",
  "serde_json",
@@ -4408,7 +4407,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "vectorcraft-engine"
-version = "0.6.0"
+version = "0.7.0"
 dependencies = [
  "flate2",
  "image",
@@ -4440,7 +4439,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "vectorcraft-eps"
-version = "0.6.0"
+version = "0.7.0"
 dependencies = [
  "flate2",
  "image",
@@ -4458,7 +4457,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "vectorcraft-format"
-version = "0.6.0"
+version = "0.7.0"
 dependencies = [
  "flate2",
  "proptest",
@@ -4472,7 +4471,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "vectorcraft-geom"
-version = "0.6.0"
+version = "0.7.0"
 dependencies = [
  "kurbo 0.13.1",
  "proptest",
@@ -4484,7 +4483,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "vectorcraft-mcp"
-version = "0.6.0"
+version = "0.7.0"
 dependencies = [
  "image",
  "log",
@@ -4503,7 +4502,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "vectorcraft-metafile"
-version = "0.6.0"
+version = "0.7.0"
 dependencies = [
  "image",
  "kurbo 0.13.1",
@@ -4517,7 +4516,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "vectorcraft-pathops"
-version = "0.6.0"
+version = "0.7.0"
 dependencies = [
  "kurbo 0.13.1",
  "linesweeper",
@@ -4529,7 +4528,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "vectorcraft-pdf"
-version = "0.6.0"
+version = "0.7.0"
 dependencies = [
  "aes",
  "flate2",
@@ -4558,7 +4557,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "vectorcraft-plugins"
-version = "0.6.0"
+version = "0.7.0"
 dependencies = [
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
@@ -4572,7 +4571,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "vectorcraft-render"
-version = "0.6.0"
+version = "0.7.0"
 dependencies = [
  "flate2",
  "gif",
@@ -4597,7 +4596,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "vectorcraft-svg"
-version = "0.6.0"
+version = "0.7.0"
 dependencies = [
  "flate2",
  "image",
@@ -4621,7 +4620,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "vectorcraft-testkit"
-version = "0.6.0"
+version = "0.7.0"
 dependencies = [
  "image",
  "kurbo 0.13.1",
@@ -4638,7 +4637,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "vectorcraft-text"
-version = "0.6.0"
+version = "0.7.0"
 dependencies = [
  "harfrust 0.13.3",
  "kurbo 0.13.1",
@@ -4656,7 +4655,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "vectorcraft-tools"
-version = "0.6.0"
+version = "0.7.0"
 dependencies = [
  "image",
  "kurbo 0.13.1",
@@ -4671,7 +4670,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "vectorcraft-trace"
-version = "0.6.0"
+version = "0.7.0"
 dependencies = [
  "image",
  "kurbo 0.13.1",
@@ -4684,7 +4683,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "vectorcraft-ui-egui"
-version = "0.6.0"
+version = "0.7.0"
 dependencies = [
  "egui",
  "egui_extras",
@@ -4713,7 +4712,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "vectorcraft-web"
-version = "0.6.0"
+version = "0.7.0"
 dependencies = [
  "eframe",
  "egui",
@@ -5816,7 +5815,7 @@ checksum = "9440ea3e5aeabb0ac63af70daf835274065238cdd0cec83418f417eae38bacee"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "xtask"
-version = "0.6.0"
+version = "0.7.0"
 dependencies = [
  "serde_json",
 ]

Cargo.toml

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ members = ["crates/*", "apps/*", "xtask"]
 default-members = ["crates/*", "apps/vectorcraft", "apps/vectorcraft-cli", "xtask"]
 
 [workspace.package]
-version = "0.6.0"
+version = "0.7.0"
 edition = "2024"
 license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
 rust-version = "1.95"

README.md

@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ milestones, and honest time-to-parity estimates.
 "a power user can't tell the difference". Everyday vector illustration is close to usable: drawing and path tools,
 Pathfinder and Shape Builder, paint, gradients, appearance and transparency, type with styles, threading and Hebrew/Arabic bidirectional layout, and
 files (SVG, PDF and PDF-compatible `.ai` with PDF/X, EPS, DXF, EMF/WMF, raster formats and PSD, Print, Package). The interface
-speaks English, Japanese, Traditional and Simplified Chinese and Spanish (and Czech and Brazilian Portuguese in the menus).
+speaks English, Japanese, Traditional and Simplified Chinese, Spanish and Italian (and Czech and Brazilian Portuguese in the menus).
 The scores are
 self-assessed, so the [honest assessment](ROADMAP.md#honest-assessment-2026-10-05) explains how far to trust them.
 

ROADMAP.md

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ VectorCraft is a clean-room, open-source, pure-Rust reimplementation of the Adob
 
 This file tracks **how far we are and what's left**. Time estimates are wall-clock hours of continuous Claude Opus 5.5 agent work (including builds and the CI gate), given both for **one agent** and for **4–6 parallel agents** on disjoint crates. They are counted from the remaining work (see [Parity estimate](#parity-estimate)), calibrated against measured throughput, and updated as work lands.
 
-_Last updated: 2026-10-08 (after M4.14–M4.98, M8.1–M8.20, M14.4–M14.7, the MCP prompts, resource templates, completions and logging, the 2026-10-07 issue fixes, the Layers panel rework and the 2026-10-08 community contributions: Pen and shape-tool modifiers, path editing, Layers, Artboards, Swatches/Brushes and dialogs, Japanese composition and PDF text, Hebrew/Arabic type, interface languages (Spanish among them), the font menu, saved selections, MCP and EPS, the missing-font export warning (#319), open paths in the Shape Builder (#374), PDF/`.ai` import keeping strokes live and hidden and nested layers (#372), per-corner Live Corners (#381), SVG type opening at the size it draws at (#396), the Wayland clipboard with copied-file paste (#398), ruler guides that can be selected, moved and deleted (#414), two batches of Preferences options that were stored but unused (#394), skeleton reads with `document.find` for large documents over MCP (#416) and anchors dragged with Direct Selection snapping to points, segments and smart guides, clipped SVG layers opening as clipping layers (#420), PDF/`.ai` layers read on pages of tens of millions of operators (#419), Document Color Mode putting RGB greys on the black plate on request and converting pattern tiles (#421) and movable dialogs with Offset Path's Joins dropdown (#423) and numeric fields scrubbed by dragging their label (#400), stroke weight presets in the stroke unit (#426), the Appearance panel's Opacity popup (#430), type on a path brackets, flip and Type on a Path Options that keep the type in place (#429), Layers rows dragged with a ghost and dropped on the trash or New Layer (#435), tool flyouts opening on a right or corner press (#436), tool flyouts torn off into floating toolbars (#437), the Shape Builder's erase mode deleting edges too (#439), installed fonts registered outside the font folders and fonts installed while the app runs listed in the font menus (#443), alike circular corners on rectangles that aren't square (#442), tool cursors as OS cursors so the pointer no longer trails over the canvas (#444), artboards copied and pasted with their art (#446), guides dragged out of the rulers snapping to the art's side midpoints and the artboards, artboard guides (#451), the toolbar's double arrow and Window › Toolbars › Double Column switching between one and two columns in any window height (#455), the Smart Guides display options and Snapping Tolerance (#394), Font Size and Leading combo boxes with preset lists in the Character and Properties panels and the Control bar (#458), screenshots pasted from the clipboard on macOS, Windows and the web (#457), the Properties panel's Fill and Stroke matching the Control bar's, Illustrator's Window menu panel keys (Shift+F7 for Align…) and Alt-wheel zoom whatever the wheel preference (Discord feedback), the point/area type widget (Discord feedback), groups in legacy Illustrator .ai files (Discord feedback), a rotating desktop log file (#465), image controls in the Control bar and Properties panel: Image Trace with its presets, Mask, Crop Image, Embed/Unembed, and an Image Trace object's preset, Expand and Release (Discord feedback), the Pen working as the Anchor Point tool with Alt held over a selected path's handles and anchors, and anchor buttons that convert, connect and cut paths at the selected anchors (Discord feedback), Japanese hanging punctuation (burasagari, #463), Escape leaving Presentation Mode with no screen mode saved across restarts, documents dropped on the desktop app opening as tabs of their own and a note that an `.ai` file's art off its artboards isn't in the part read (#472), Add/Delete Anchor Point tool icons drawn from the Pen tool's (#479), EPS files from Illustrator 2026, Inkscape/cairo, matplotlib, CorelDRAW, Affinity, LibreOffice and Ghostscript opening as vectors, and a preview that stands in saying why (Discord feedback, #466, #469, #474), chords with modifiers recorded in Edit › Keyboard Shortcuts (#487), Type Object Selection by Path Only (#394), Anti-aliased Artwork (#394), Show Pixel Grid (#394), pen and touch taps pressed and lifted within one frame clicking where they tapped and the Linux/Wayland pen-tablet workaround (#491), bounding-box resizes landing on the other objects' anchors and centres with labels, and the Rotate, Scale, Shear and Reflect tools snapping their drags (#482), Shift-drag marquees that toggle the objects or anchors they reach and a Lasso whose Alt subtraction keeps the rest of the selection (#483), the mouse wheel stepping the focused numeric field, the dialogs' and preferences' drag values made such fields (#485), Show The Home Screen When No Documents Are Open (#394), Numbers Without Units Are Points (#394), Auto-Collapse Iconic Panels (#394), the Contextual Task Bar moved by its handle and its More Options menu pinning and resetting its position, a designed macOS DMG window (#493), panels, panel groups and the Tools panel undocking intLine truncated
+_Last updated: 2026-10-09 (after M4.14–M4.98, M8.1–M8.20, M14.4–M14.7, the MCP prompts, resource templates, completions and logging, the 2026-10-07 issue fixes, the Layers panel rework and the 2026-10-08 community contributions: Pen and shape-tool modifiers, path editing, Layers, Artboards, Swatches/Brushes and dialogs, Japanese composition and PDF text, Hebrew/Arabic type, interface languages (Spanish among them), the font menu, saved selections, MCP and EPS, the missing-font export warning (#319), open paths in the Shape Builder (#374), PDF/`.ai` import keeping strokes live and hidden and nested layers (#372), per-corner Live Corners (#381), SVG type opening at the size it draws at (#396), the Wayland clipboard with copied-file paste (#398), ruler guides that can be selected, moved and deleted (#414), two batches of Preferences options that were stored but unused (#394), skeleton reads with `document.find` for large documents over MCP (#416) and anchors dragged with Direct Selection snapping to points, segments and smart guides, clipped SVG layers opening as clipping layers (#420), PDF/`.ai` layers read on pages of tens of millions of operators (#419), Document Color Mode putting RGB greys on the black plate on request and converting pattern tiles (#421) and movable dialogs with Offset Path's Joins dropdown (#423) and numeric fields scrubbed by dragging their label (#400), stroke weight presets in the stroke unit (#426), the Appearance panel's Opacity popup (#430), type on a path brackets, flip and Type on a Path Options that keep the type in place (#429), Layers rows dragged with a ghost and dropped on the trash or New Layer (#435), tool flyouts opening on a right or corner press (#436), tool flyouts torn off into floating toolbars (#437), the Shape Builder's erase mode deleting edges too (#439), installed fonts registered outside the font folders and fonts installed while the app runs listed in the font menus (#443), alike circular corners on rectangles that aren't square (#442), tool cursors as OS cursors so the pointer no longer trails over the canvas (#444), artboards copied and pasted with their art (#446), guides dragged out of the rulers snapping to the art's side midpoints and the artboards, artboard guides (#451), the toolbar's double arrow and Window › Toolbars › Double Column switching between one and two columns in any window height (#455), the Smart Guides display options and Snapping Tolerance (#394), Font Size and Leading combo boxes with preset lists in the Character and Properties panels and the Control bar (#458), screenshots pasted from the clipboard on macOS, Windows and the web (#457), the Properties panel's Fill and Stroke matching the Control bar's, Illustrator's Window menu panel keys (Shift+F7 for Align…) and Alt-wheel zoom whatever the wheel preference (Discord feedback), the point/area type widget (Discord feedback), groups in legacy Illustrator .ai files (Discord feedback), a rotating desktop log file (#465), image controls in the Control bar and Properties panel: Image Trace with its presets, Mask, Crop Image, Embed/Unembed, and an Image Trace object's preset, Expand and Release (Discord feedback), the Pen working as the Anchor Point tool with Alt held over a selected path's handles and anchors, and anchor buttons that convert, connect and cut paths at the selected anchors (Discord feedback), Japanese hanging punctuation (burasagari, #463), Escape leaving Presentation Mode with no screen mode saved across restarts, documents dropped on the desktop app opening as tabs of their own and a note that an `.ai` file's art off its artboards isn't in the part read (#472), Add/Delete Anchor Point tool icons drawn from the Pen tool's (#479), EPS import running more of PostScript Level 3 (patterns, Type 3 fonts, mesh shadings, masked images, VM and resource probes), and a preview that stands in saying why (Discord feedback, #466, #469, #474), chords with modifiers recorded in Edit › Keyboard Shortcuts (#487), Type Object Selection by Path Only (#394), Anti-aliased Artwork (#394), Show Pixel Grid (#394), pen and touch taps pressed and lifted within one frame clicking where they tapped and the Linux/Wayland pen-tablet workaround (#491), bounding-box resizes landing on the other objects' anchors and centres with labels, and the Rotate, Scale, Shear and Reflect tools snapping their drags (#482), Shift-drag marquees that toggle the objects or anchors they reach and a Lasso whose Alt subtraction keeps the rest of the selection (#483), the mouse wheel stepping the focused numeric field, the dialogs' and preferences' drag values made such fields (#485), Show The Home Screen When No Documents Are Open (#394), Numbers Without Units Are Points (#394), Auto-Collapse Iconic Panels (#394), the Contextual Task Bar moved by its handle and its More Options menu pinning and resetting its position, a designed macOS DMG window (#493), panels, panel groups and the Tools panel undocking into flLine truncated
 
 ## Where we are
 
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ since 2026-10-01.
 | **Bundled content:** brush, symbol, style and swatch libraries | ~30% | Ours are original and generated in code, and far fewer than Illustrator ships; brush and symbol libraries are still missing |
 | **Performance** | unverified | Multithreaded, off-thread rendering and caches are in place. The last budget run (2026-10-01, loaded machine) measured 290 ms for a 50k-path fit against a 16 ms budget. Re-run `vectorcraft-cli perf` on an idle machine |
 | **Robustness** | good, new | ~2,840 tests, property tests, no panics in shipped code (lints, the `guard` safety net, import fuzzing), Data Recovery. Missing: a corpus of real-world files, Windows/Linux/browser QA |
-| **Platforms and 1.0 polish** | ~60% | The macOS app and the web build work, and Finder opens every readable format with the macOS app (#295, #354); hybrid-graphics laptops render on the power-saving GPU by default on Windows and macOS (#306), and Linux on the GPU the desktop runs on, since a Wayland compositor may refuse frames from the other one; a window that fails on its GPU while starting up starts again on the next one instead of crashing (#502; the dual-GPU Wayland case is verified by unit tests and cross-compilation, not on such hardware); web drops land in the document they were dropped on (#359); desktop drops carry no pointer position (winit 0.30), so a dropped document opens as a tab of its own and a picture or text is placed in the middle of the view, while the web places anything dropped on the canvas and opens what is dropped off it, as Illustrator does (#472); a web page that loses its WebGPU device or WebGL context restarts its graphics with the same documents (#369); on Linux/Wayland the clipboard reads the compositor's own (data-control) and copied image files paste, but files can't be dropped on the window under Wayland until eframe moves to winit 0.31 (#398; the Wayland side is verified by compilation only); on Linux the Paste menu checks the system clipboard on a background thread, so a clipboard owner that never answers no longer freezes the window, while Windows and macOS keep their quick in-line check (#510; the X11 hang verified by the contributor, here by headless tests); on KDE Plasma 6.3+ under Wayland, pens and pen displays reach the app only under XWayland (`WAYLAND_DISPLAY=`) or with KWin's `KWIN_WAYLAND_EMULATE_TABLET=1`, since winit 0.30 has no Wayland tablet input (#491, not verified on hardware); Windows/Linux packaging and accessibility are pending; an experimental, unsupported Windows 7 x64 OpenGL build exists (community-contributed, not verified by maintainers) |
+| **Platforms and 1.0 polish** | ~60% | The macOS app and the web build work, and Finder opens every readable format with the macOS app (#295, #354); on macOS the menus are in the system menu bar, laid out as a Mac app's, with the in-window menus as a fallback (`--in-window-menus`; verified on Windows and by cross-compilation, not yet by hand on a Mac); hybrid-graphics laptops render on the power-saving GPU by default on Windows and macOS (#306), and Windows renders through DX12 before Vulkan (#545: Vulkan flickered black on an Intel GPU, DX12 and OpenGL didn't; verified by unit tests and the reporter's runs with `WGPU_BACKEND`), and Linux on the GPU the desktop runs on, since a Wayland compositor may refuse frames from the other one; a window that fails on its GPU while starting up starts again on the next one instead of crashing (#502; the dual-GPU Wayland case is verified by unit tests and cross-compilation, not on such hardware); web drops land in the document they were dropped on (#359); desktop drops carry no pointer position (winit 0.30), so a dropped document opens as a tab of its own and a picture or text is placed in the middle of the view, while the web places anything dropped on the canvas and opens what is dropped off it, as Illustrator does (#472); a web page that loses its WebGPU device or WebGL context restarts its graphics with the same documents (#369); on Linux/Wayland the clipboard reads the compositor's own (data-control) and copied image files paste, but files can't be dropped on the window under Wayland until eframe moves to winit 0.31 (#398; the Wayland side is verified by compilation only); on Linux the Paste menu checks the system clipboard on a background thread, so a clipboard owner that never answers no longer freezes the window, while Windows and macOS keep their quick in-line check (#510; the X11 hang verified by the contributor, here by headless tests); on KDE Plasma 6.3+ under Wayland, pens and pen displays reach the app only under XWayland (`WAYLAND_DISPLAY=`) or with KWin's `KWIN_WAYLAND_EMULATE_TABLET=1`, since winit 0.30 has no Wayland tablet input (#491, not verified on hardware); Windows/Linux packaging and accessibility are pending; an experimental, unsupported Windows 7 x64 OpenGL build exists (community-contributed, not verified by maintainers) |
 | **Agent automation** | beyond Illustrator | Every command, gesture and dialog is drivable over MCP, the CLI and the control channel |
 | **Scrubby numeric fields** | beyond Illustrator | As in Photoshop, dragging a numeric field's label (`W:`, `Opacity:`, the Character panel's icons) left or right steps its value live; one undo step per drag, Escape cancels (#400) |
 
@@ -101,23 +101,25 @@ grade by behaviour against `plan/illustrator/`, not by whether a menu item exist
   - Tool flyouts tear off: dragging or clicking the tear-off bar on a flyout's right side (or releasing the long press over it) floats its group as a strip of tool buttons, moved by the same bar and put back in the toolbar by the × at its top (`window.floatTools`). While a group floats, the presses that would open its flyout raise the strip instead. Floating strips are kept with the preferences and in user workspaces. Not done: turning a strip vertical, docking it.
   - Panels undock (#495): a dock tab, a panel icon or a popped-out panel's title dragged out of the dock floats that panel inside the window, and the strip right of the dock's tabs floats the whole tabbed group. A floating group moves by its title bar, a tab dragged out of it floats on its own, and dropped on another group's title bar or tabs it stacks with that group; dropped on the dock, which lights up under the pointer, its panels go back where they live (the tabbed group or the icon column), as its × and the panel menus' Float Panel / Dock Panel do (`window.panel.float`, `window.panel.dock`). The Tools panel floats by its title bar and docks again on the window's left edge. Floating panels and the Tools panel's position are kept with the preferences and in user workspaces, and clamped into a smaller window. Not done: panels in separate OS windows, docking a panel into a dock group it doesn't belong to, reordering tabs by dragging, collapsing a floating group to icons, resizing floating panels.
   - The dock's double arrow collapses Properties, Layers and Libraries to icons at the top of the icon column, popping out like the other icon panels, and expands them again (`window.collapseDock`, kept with the preferences and in saved workspaces). The icon column's own arrow (expanding the icon panels into a full column) is not done.
-  - Localised UI: menus (in-window and native), panels, dialogs, toolbar and Preferences read from per-language catalogs (`crates/ui-egui/src/i18n`, see `docs/development.md`); Traditional Chinese (Taiwan), Simplified Chinese (mainland), Japanese and Spanish ship complete, and Czech and Brazilian Portuguese cover every menu label (and more), with system-locale detection on macOS, Windows, Linux and the web (the browser's languages, or `?lang=`), a VectorCraft ▸ Language menu and a Language preference. Names are never translated (fonts and their styles, layers, artboards, saved presets, user libraries, custom workspaces, recent files, plug-ins).
+  - Localised UI: menus (in-window and native), panels, dialogs, toolbar and Preferences read from per-language catalogs (`crates/ui-egui/src/i18n`, see `docs/development.md`); Traditional Chinese (Taiwan), Simplified Chinese (mainland), Japanese, Spanish and Italian ship complete, and Czech and Brazilian Portuguese cover every menu label (and more), with system-locale detection on macOS, Windows, Linux and the web (the browser's languages, or `?lang=`), a VectorCraft ▸ Language menu and a Language preference. Names are never translated (fonts and their styles, layers, artboards, saved presets, user libraries, custom workspaces, recent files, plug-ins).
   - Native macOS menu bar, vector tool cursors, a ⌘K command palette, middle-button panning with any tool.
+  - The macOS menu bar is built from the in-window menus (one model, `native_menu`) and laid out as a Mac app's: the VectorCraft menu holds About, Settings ▸ (each Preferences page, General… ⌘K), Language ▸, Appearance ▸ (UI brightness), Services, Hide VectorCraft ⌃⌘H (⌘H stays Hide Edges), Hide Others, Show All and Quit; Window gains Minimize ⌃⌘M, Zoom and Bring All to Front, and Help the system's search field. Its key equivalents go back to egui as key presses, so user shortcuts, focused text fields and the Type tool's input method behave as in the window, and nothing fires twice; enabled, check marks and labels update in place. `--in-window-menus` or `VECTORCRAFT_IN_WINDOW_MENUS=1` keeps the menus in the window; `ui.inspect` reports `nativeMenuBar`.
   - macOS: Finder opens every format File › Open reads with VectorCraft (double-click, Open With, a drop on the Dock icon, `open -a`), at launch or while it runs; the release and `cargo xtask bundle` apps share one `Info.plist` that declares those document types, owning only VectorCraft's own formats. The DMG opens on a designed Finder window, VectorCraft.app beside the `Applications` link over a background with the app icon (#493).
   - A canvas context menu: right-click selects the object under the pointer and lists what applies to the selection (Undo/Redo, clipboard, group, isolation, join, Remove Anchor Points when anchors are selected, masks, compound paths, guides, Transform, Arrange, Select, Export Selection), or the view commands on empty canvas.
   - Save / Don't Save / Cancel before closing or quitting with unsaved documents (tabs, Close, Close All, Quit, window close).
   - Four brightness themes, persistent preferences.
-  - Preferences that act (#394, in part): Show Tool Tips, Double Click To Isolate, Zoom with Mouse Wheel (the wheel zooms about the pointer, Shift-wheel scrolls up and down, Cmd/Ctrl-wheel sideways; Alt/Option-wheel and a trackpad pinch zoom about the pointer either way), Use Precise Cursors; Selection & Anchor Display › Tolerance (objects, anchors and handles), Object Selection by Path Only, Command Click to Select Objects Behind (cycling down the stack), Zoom to Selection, anchor Size, Highlight anchors on mouse over; Type › Number of Recent Fonts (up to 15); Guides & Grid › guide and grid Color and Style (lines or dots) and Grids In Back. Then Snap to Point (its distance, for moves, drawn points and reference points), Move Locked and Hidden Artwork with Artboard, Enable Rubber Band for the Pen and Curvature tools, Handles style, Show handles when multiple anchors are selected, Hide Corner Widget for angles greater than; General › Transform Pattern Tiles (the transforms' and dialogs' Transform Patterns) and Select Same Tint %; Type › Size/Leading, Tracking and Baseline Shift increments (`type.step`, Cmd+Shift+. and Cmd+Shift+, for the size, the Type tool's Alt+arrows), Enable Missing Glyph Protection and Fill New Type Objects With Placeholder Text. Then Smart Guides › Color, Alignment Guides, Anchor/Path Labels, Measurement Labels, Transform Tools, Object Highlighting (with Smart Guides on) and Snapping Tolerance (4 px by default, for every smart guide snap). Then Type › Type Object Selection by Path Only (type is picked on the baseline of any of its lines, area type's frame or the path of type on a path, no longer anywhere in its bounds; the Type tools and the Eyedropper still take a click among the characters). Then General › Anti-aliased Artwork (off, the canvas draws the art with hard edges). Then Guides & Grid › Show Pixel Grid (Above 600% Zoom), a line at every document pixel over the art in Pixel Preview, turning with a rotated view as the document grid now does too. Then General › Show The Home Screen When No Documents Are Open (off, closing the last document leaves an empty window; the Home button still opens the screen). Then Units › Numbers Without Units Are Points (on by default: a number typed with no unit into a field in picas is read in points, a typed unit still wins; dimmed unless a unit is Picas). Then User Interface › Auto-Collapse Iconic Panels (off by default: on, a click away from a panel popped out of the icon column puts it away). They reach agents too (`prefs.set`, then `pointer_gesture` or `press_key`; `ui.wheel` on the control channel). About 32 stored options still do nothing yet (the rest of #394: Auto Size New Area Type, Show Font Names in English, Highlight Alternate Glyphs, Construction and Spacing Guides, performance, devices…).
+  - Preferences that act (#394, in part): Show Tool Tips, Double Click To Isolate, Zoom with Mouse Wheel (the wheel zooms about the pointer, Shift-wheel scrolls up and down, Cmd/Ctrl-wheel sideways; Alt/Option-wheel and a trackpad pinch zoom about the pointer either way), Use Precise Cursors; Selection & Anchor Display › Tolerance (objects, anchors and handles), Object Selection by Path Only, Command Click to Select Objects Behind (cycling down the stack), Zoom to Selection, anchor Size, Highlight anchors on mouse over; Type › Number of Recent Fonts (up to 15); Guides & Grid › guide and grid Color and Style (lines or dots) and Grids In Back. Then Snap to Point (its distance, for moves, drawn points and reference points), Move Locked and Hidden Artwork with Artboard, Enable Rubber Band for the Pen and Curvature tools, Handles style, Show handles when multiple anchors are selected, Hide Corner Widget for angles greater than; General › Transform Pattern Tiles (the transforms' and dialogs' Transform Patterns) and Select Same Tint %; Type › Size/Leading, Tracking and Baseline Shift increments (`type.step`, Cmd+Shift+. and Cmd+Shift+, for the size, the Type tool's Alt+arrows), Enable Missing Glyph Protection and Fill New Type Objects With Placeholder Text. Then Smart Guides › Color, Alignment Guides, Anchor/Path Labels, Measurement Labels, Transform Tools, Object Highlighting (with Smart Guides on) and Snapping Tolerance (4 px by default, for every smart guide snap), then Construction Guides and their Angles (#506: a drawn point near a line at one of those angles through the point it leaves from lands on it). Then Type › Type Object Selection by Path Only (type is picked on the baseline of any of its lines, area type's frame or the path of type on a path, no longer anywhere in its bounds; the Type tools and the Eyedropper still take a click among the characters). Then General › Anti-aliased Artwork (off, the canvas draws the art with hard edges). Then Guides & Grid › Show Pixel Grid (Above 600% Zoom), a line at every document pixel over the art in Pixel Preview, turning with a rotated view as the document grid now does too. Then General › Show The Home Screen When No Documents Are Open (off, closing the last document leaves an empty window; the Home button still opens the screen). Then Units › Numbers Without Units Are Points (on by default: a number typed with no unit into a field in picas is read in points, a typed unit still wins; dimmed unless a unit is Picas). Then User Interface › Auto-Collapse Iconic Panels (off by default: on, a click away from a panel popped out of the icon column puts it away). They reach agents too (`prefs.set`, then `pointer_gesture` or `press_key`; `ui.wheel` on the control channel). About 30 stored options still do nothing yet (the rest of #394: Auto Size New Area Type, Show Font Names in English, Highlight Alternate Glyphs, Spacing Guides, performance, devices…).
   - Dialogs move by dragging their heading (the band down from the top edge, as a title bar), stay on screen and keep where they were moved for the session; the form dialogs' choices are dropdowns (Offset Path's Joins, Average's and Shear's and Reflect's axis), and Offset Path lists Offset, Joins, Miter Limit and previews (#423).
   - Dialogs open with their first field focused and its value selected: type a value and press Enter (Move, Rotate, Scale…). Number fields in panels, the Control bar and dialogs (preferences too) step with Up/Down, or with the mouse wheel over the focused field (#485: a notch a step; the panel under it then stays put, and an unfocused field leaves the wheel to scrolling) (Shift: ten, Ctrl/Cmd: a tenth of their unit), applied at once.
   - Scrubby labels (#400, beyond Illustrator, as in Photoshop): dragging a numeric field's label left or right (the ↔ cursor shows over it) steps the value one unit every 2 points (Shift: ten, Ctrl/Cmd: a tenth; counts stay whole), in the field's unit and within its limits, applied live as the art follows; the whole drag is one undo step and Escape puts the value back. A click on the label focuses the field; the text box itself never scrubs, and a field with no label doesn't. Text labels before a field (Transform, Properties, Control bar, Stroke, Transparency, form rows in dialogs) and the Character and Paragraph panels' icons act as labels. Preferences › General › Scrub Numeric Fields by Dragging (on by default) turns it off.
+  - The Control bar's underlined Transform link opens the Transform panel in a popover under it (reference point, X/Y/W/H, Rotate and Shear with their icons and angle presets, flips, shape properties, Scale Corners and Scale Strokes & Effects), as its Stroke link does the Stroke panel; X/Y/W/H also show inline while the bar has room. The reference point locator is nine squares, the outer eight joined around the box.
   - Tab shows and hides the panels (in the Type tool it types a tab) without moving the keyboard focus onto a field, so the next shortcut or letter still works; in dialogs and panel fields it moves between fields.
-  - Cmd/Ctrl+A follows the keyboard: in a panel, dialog or search field it selects the field's text, while the Type tool edits it selects all of that text (also `select.all` over MCP), and only otherwise every object. On macOS the menu bar's Select All, Cut, Copy and Paste (keys or clicks) act on a focused field too. Not yet: Select All across threaded frames (one frame's text is selected).
+  - Cmd/Ctrl+A follows the keyboard: in a panel, dialog or search field it selects the field's text, while the Type tool edits it selects all of that text (also `select.all` over MCP), and only otherwise every object. On macOS the menu bar's Select All, Cut, Copy and Paste (keys or clicks) act on a focused field too, and elsewhere the in-window menus' do: the field that had the keyboard when the menu opened gets them, with its selection, and the keyboard back (#516). Not yet: Select All across threaded frames (one frame's text is selected).
   - On Windows and Linux the app bar is the window's title bar (its own minimize, maximize and close buttons, drag to move, edges to resize), with the dragon app icon as the brand mark; dialogs and menus size to their content. As on a native menu bar, once one menu is open, moving the pointer onto another title opens that one.
 - **Tools:**
   - **Selection:** Selection, Direct/Group Selection, Magic Wand, Lasso. A Shift-drag marquee toggles what it reaches: objects with the Selection tool, anchors with Direct and Group Selection (#483); the Lasso adds with Shift and subtracts with Alt. Dragging a path segment with Direct Selection bends it when it's curved (its anchors stay) and moves its two anchors when it's straight, one undo step; the fill, Shift or Alt still pick the whole path (Alt-drag copies it).
   - **Saved selections:** Select ▸ Save Selection… asks for a name and keeps the selection in the document (saved with the file, undoable, up to 25); each one is listed at the bottom of the Select menu and a click selects its objects again; Edit Selection… lists them to rename or delete, applied together on OK. A file's saved selections are capped and checked against its objects when it opens. Not yet: Update Selection and the Layers panel's saved-selection menu.
-  - **Drawing:** Pen, Curvature, anchor tools, Pencil, Paintbrush, Blob Brush, Smooth, Path Eraser, Join. Direction handles dragged with Direct Selection or the Anchor Point tool snap to smart guides, and Shift keeps them at 45° steps from their anchor.
+  - **Drawing:** Pen, Curvature, anchor tools, Pencil, Paintbrush, Blob Brush, Smooth, Path Eraser, Join. Direction handles dragged with Direct Selection or the Anchor Point tool snap to smart guides, and Shift keeps them at 45° steps from their anchor. Every point a drawing tool places snaps to Smart Guides through one snapper (#506): the Pen's and Curvature tool's anchors, the Pencil's ends, the shape tools' start and dragged corner or radius (Rectangle, Rounded Rectangle, Ellipse, Polygon, Star, Line Segment, Arc, Spiral, the grids), the Type tool's click and frame, a new artboard's corners.
   - **Shapes:** all shape tools (including Flare) and the line, arc, spiral and grid tools. Space held while dragging out a shape, line, arc, spiral or grid moves it at its current size. While a grid is dragged out, Up/Down change its rows (concentric dividers) and Left/Right its columns (radial dividers).
   - **Cutting:** Eraser, Scissors, Knife, Mirror & Cut, Line Cut and Rectangle Cut (real geometry, compound paths keep their holes).
   - **Transform:** Rotate, Reflect, Scale, Shear (click or Alt-click snaps the reference point to anchors and centres; Alt-click opens the tool's dialog, and a drag with Alt down at the release, from the press or pressed mid-drag, transforms a copy), Reshape, Free Transform (free and perspective distort and shear, switched by the keys held during a handle drag).
@@ -131,15 +133,15 @@ grade by behaviour against `plan/illustrator/`, not by whether a menu item exist
   - **Panel drag and drop:** art dragged off the canvas onto the Symbols panel becomes a symbol, onto the Swatches panel a pattern swatch and onto the Brushes panel an Art brush; a symbol dragged onto the canvas places an instance where it is dropped, and a brush dragged onto a path is applied to it.
   - **Tool double-clicks:** double-clicking a tool's button opens its options: Hand fits the artboard in the window, Zoom shows 100 %, Rotate, Scale, Reflect and Shear open their Object › Transform dialogs, the Selection, Direct Selection and Group Selection tools the Move dialog (Enter opens these seven tools' dialogs too), Gradient, Eyedropper, Blend and the Liquify tools their panels or options, and the Pencil, Paintbrush, Smooth, Blob Brush and Eraser tools their Tool Options (Fidelity, fill, the tolerances, the brush size).
 - **Layers panel:** every layer, sublayer, group and object is a clickable row at any depth: a click highlights it and makes its layer current (new art goes there), Shift-click a range, Ctrl/Cmd-click toggles. Sublayers are no longer treated as objects: clicks, marquees, Select All and the Select menu take the art inside them, and each sublayer selects in its own colour. Selection squares on rows with selected art (click selects a row's art, Shift adds or removes; dragging the square moves the selection to another row, Alt copies), the eye and lock on every row with drag-down-the-column (one undo step), Ctrl/Cmd-click an eye for per-layer Outline, Alt-click an eye or lock to hide or lock the other layers (again: show or unlock them all), triangles with Alt to open or close everything inside, drag and drop rows above, below or into layers and groups with a drop line (Alt copies) and a dimmed copy of the row under the pointer (dropped on the trash rows are deleted, on New Layer duplicated, as in Illustrator), inline rename, Delete key on highlighted rows. Buttons and the full panel menu: New Layer/Sublayer (Alt: options, Ctrl: on top), Duplicate, Delete, Options for Selection, clipping mask, isolation, Locate Object, Merge Selected, Flatten Artwork, Collect in New Layer, Release to Layers (Sequence and Build), Reverse Order, Template, Hide/Outline/Lock Others and Show/Preview/Unlock All, Paste Remembers Layers, Panel Options (row size, thumbnails per kind, Show Layers Only). Layer Options: name, colour (presets, each with a chip of its colour, or custom), Template, Lock, Show, Print, Preview (outline drawing and clicking) and Dim Images to %. Every operation is a command (`layer.move`, `layer.highlight`, `layer.merge`…) with validation against cycles and invalid nesting.
-- **Drawing aids:** Smart Guides and snapping (moving, with the Selection, Group Selection or Direct Selection tool, and resizing by the bounding-box handles with the Selection or Free Transform tool, Shift and Alt too: the dragged corner or side lands on the other objects' anchors and centres ("anchor", "center") or lines up with their edges and centres (a line and "align"); the Rotate, Scale, Shear and Reflect tools drag from the anchor they grab and snap the pointer the same way, so a corner dragged onto another object's anchor scales exactly onto it, #482; anchors dragged with Direct Selection: the one pressed on lands on other anchors, its own path's that stay put among them, on path segments or in line with them, the others following, Shift keeps 45° steps, and with Smart Guides off Snap to Point pulls it onto anchors; the Artboard tool snaps artboards, and their bleed, to other artboards, bleeds and art, the grid or whole pixels while moving, copying and resizing them, and the Transform panel shows and edits the active artboard's X/Y/W/H), guides dragged out of the rulers (#451: they snap as moved guides do, Shift to the ruler's ticks; with the Artboard tool they are artboard guides, which run across their artboard only and move, copy and delete with it, `guide.add {artboard}`) that the Selection, Direct Selection and Group Selection tools then pick and drag (#414: the selected guides highlight and move together, Alt copies them, Shift snaps the dragged one to the ticks, otherwise it snaps to pixels, the grid or the edges, centres (so the sides' midpoints) and anchors of the art and the artboards, or with Smart Guides off Snap to Point pulls it onto anchors; the arrow keys nudge them, Delete deletes them, dragging one back onto its ruler deletes it, Lock Guides and Hide Guides leave them alone; `guide.list`, `guide.select`, `guide.move` and `guide.remove` reach agents), and Draw Normal / Behind / Inside modes.
+- **Drawing aids:** Smart Guides and snapping (moving, with the Selection, Group Selection or Direct Selection tool, and resizing by the bounding-box handles with the Selection or Free Transform tool, Shift and Alt too: the dragged corner or side lands on the other objects' anchors and centres ("anchor", "center") or lines up with their edges and centres (a line and "align"); the Rotate, Scale, Shear and Reflect tools drag from the anchor they grab and snap the pointer the same way, so a corner dragged onto another object's anchor scales exactly onto it, #482; anchors dragged with Direct Selection: the one pressed on lands on other anchors, its own path's that stay put among them, on path segments or in line with them, the others following, Shift keeps 45° steps, and with Smart Guides off Snap to Point pulls it onto anchors; the Artboard tool snaps artboards, and their bleed, to other artboards, bleeds and art, the grid or whole pixels while moving, copying and resizing them, and the Transform panel shows and edits the active artboard's X/Y/W/H; drawn points, #506: hovering shows where the press goes, the point lands on the other objects' anchors, centres and paths ("anchor", "center", "path") or lines up with their anchors, edges and centres ("align"), the Pen's on the path being drawn too, near a construction guide through the anchor before it on that guide (Preferences › Smart Guides › Construction Guides and Angles), and with Shift kept to its 45° step or a square's diagonal it slides along that way into line; the targets are gathered once per document state, from the art in the window, and the anchors, centres and lines near the pointer are found by bisection, so hovering never rescans the document), guides dragged out of the rulers (#451: they snap as moved guides do, Shift to the ruler's ticks; with the Artboard tool they are artboard guides, which run across their artboard only and move, copy and delete with it, `guide.add {artboard}`) that the Selection, Direct Selection and Group Selection tools then pick and drag (#414: the selected guides highlight and move together, Alt copies them, Shift snaps the dragged one to the ticks, otherwise it snaps to pixels, the grid or the edges, centres (so the sides' midpoints) and anchors of the art and the artboards, or with Smart Guides off Snap to Point pulls it onto anchors; the arrow keys nudge them, Delete deletes them, dragging one back onto its ruler deletes it, Lock Guides and Hide Guides leave them alone; `guide.list`, `guide.select`, `guide.move` and `guide.remove` reach agents), a right-click on either ruler or the origin box to pick the document's units (the current one checked; `document.setUnits`, one undo step, #528), and Draw Normal / Behind / Inside modes.
 - **Views:** the status bar's artboard navigator (first, previous, next, last; `view.goToArtboard`) goes to an artboard and fits it, and Fit Artboard in Window and Actual Size show the navigator's artboard. The Artboards panel highlights that active artboard: clicking a row makes it active (the Artboard tool's too, while it is chosen) as does clicking an artboard with the Artboard tool, double-clicking its number also fits it in the window and double-clicking its name renames it. Duplicate Artboards, or a row dragged onto New Artboard, copies the artboard with its art (#446). Escape leaves Presentation Mode, F from it goes back to Normal Screen Mode, and the screen mode isn't saved with the preferences: the app always starts in Normal Screen Mode with its menus and panels (#472).
 - **Geometry and effects:**
   - Pathfinder (10 exact curve booleans), Offset, Outline Stroke, Simplify, Clean Up, Split Into Grid, Divide Objects Below. Object › Path › Remove Anchor Points (`path.removeAnchors`) removes the direct-selected anchors without opening their paths (the Delete key still deletes them with their segments): the neighbours keep their handle directions and their facing handles are refitted so one cubic follows the two old segments, and straight sides stay straight. The Delete Anchor Point tool uses the same refit. The Control bar, the contextual task bar, the Properties quick actions and the canvas context menu offer it when anchors are selected. With anchors selected, the Control bar and the Properties panel also convert them to corner or smooth (`path.convertAnchors`), connect end points (Join) and cut the path at them (`path.cutAtAnchors`, also on the task bar and the context menu): a closed path opens there and an open one becomes one path per piece, each cut leaving one of its two coincident anchors selected so a drag pulls the path apart.
   - Live effects with previewing dialogs: Distort & Transform, Path, Convert to Shape, 15 Warp styles, Round Corners, Scribble, Effect → Pathfinder (all 10 operations, live on groups; several loose objects are grouped first, in one undo step), Color Adjustments (Brightness/Contrast, Curves, Levels, Hue/Saturation, Shift to Color, Temperature/Tint, on vectors, live type and embedded images), and raster drop shadow, glows and feather. SVG and PDF export keep live effects (geometry baked; SVG raster effects as filters).
 - **Type:** Text Wrap, Type on a Path effects (Rainbow/Skew/3D Ribbon/Stair Step/Gravity) and Options (Flip, Align to Path, Spacing; OK keeps the type where it is), type on a path's start, centre and end brackets (Selection and Direct Selection drag them to set where the type runs, slide it along its path and, across the path, flip it: #429), Character and Paragraph Styles (override-preserving redefine), Area Type Options (rows/columns/inset/first baseline), threaded text across any closed shapes, Fit Headline. Area type resizes like Illustrator's type areas: a bounding-box handle drag (Selection tool) or Area Type Options Width/Height size the frame and the text reflows at its size (threads too); Direct Selection drags a frame corner or edge (`text.reshapeArea`). Point type still scales. The Selection tool shows the type widget beside selected type's bounding box (hollow on point type, filled on area type); double-clicking it converts between them (Type › Convert To Area Type / Convert To Point Type), keeping the text and its styles in place. Variable fonts list every named instance as a style of their family (Figtree Light to Black and their italics, Bahnschrift, Segoe UI Variable), and the instance chosen is shaped, drawn, outlined and measured at its axis settings; PDF and SVG embed it as that instance. Variation axis sliders are not done. Hebrew and Arabic are laid out right to left with the Unicode bidirectional algorithm (embedded Latin and numbers keep their direction, lines put in visual order after wrapping) in point, area and path type, with caret, selection and arrow keys in visual order; each paragraph's direction comes from its first strong character unless Paragraph Direction sets it (Paragraph panel with Show Indic Options, `text.setFormat {direction}`), and new type aligns to the start of its direction. SVG export outlines right-to-left text. Font Size and Leading are combo boxes in the Character and Properties panels (Font Size in the Control bar too, beside the Character link, font family and style): type, step with ↑/↓ or the spinner, scrub the label, or pick a preset (6–72 pt, shown in the type unit; Leading also Auto), each pick one undo step; Kerning and Tracking list -100…200; a size, leading, kerning or tracking the selected text doesn't share shows blank (#458).
-- **Interface languages, vertical type:** VectorCraft ▸ Language (or Preferences ▸ User Interface) picks Automatic (the system locale) or a registered language, persisted as `interfaceLanguage`. Translations come from per-language catalogs (`i18n/*.tsv`): Traditional and Simplified Chinese, Japanese and Spanish (neutral international Spanish, for every `es-*` locale) cover the whole interface, Czech and Brazilian Portuguese every menu label, Brazilian Portuguese the shell's `tl!` literals too (tested); Spanish also translates status-bar and error messages as they are shown (`@msg` templates, every message literal tested; the messages themselves stay English for agents); untranslated text stays English. Japanese and Chinese glyphs come from the craft-fonts build input (release builds) or the installed fonts, Czech and Spanish ones from the bundled UI fonts. The web app follows the browser's languages (or `?lang=`). The Basic toolbar's Type button holds Vertical Type in its flyout. Vertical Type, Vertical Area Type and Vertical Type on a Path create vertical text (columns right to left, upright CJK glyphs and marks with `vert` alternates, Latin and longer numbers on their side, two- and three-digit numbers set as tate-chu-yoko in one em of the column (kept whole when justified), upright glyphs centred on the column (tracked or justified too), point type's anchor on the first column's centre line); kinsoku (the strict set) applies to horizontal and vertical Japanese, and justified Japanese lines spread their room between characters (not inside Latin words); Paragraph panel › Mojikumi Set (shown with Preferences › Type › Show East Asian Options, `text.setFormat {mojikumi}`): None or Line-end Punctuation Half Width (new type's default, as in Illustrator; older documents and imported text keep None) shares one half-em space between consecutive punctuation, sets a closing mark ending a line half width and an opening bracket starting a wrapped line flush with its start, and puts a quarter em between Japanese and Latin letters or digits; Paragraph panel menu › Top-to-Top / Bottom-to-Bottom Leading measures leading from em box top to top (area type's first line touches the frame) or from baseline to baseline; Paragraph panel menu › Burasagari None / Regular / Force (`text.setFormat {burasagari: "none"|"standard"|"forced"}`) hangs an East Asian comma or full stop (、。，．､｡) ending an area type line outside it, Regular (new type's default) when it doesn't fit and Force always (the rest of the line then fills the measure; closing brackets and Latin punctuation don't hang); Character panel menu › Character Alignment (with the East Asian options; `text.setFormat` or `text.setRangeStyle {charAlign}`) lines characters smaller than the largest on their line up on the Roman baseline or the em box top/right, centre or bottom/left (ICF top and bottom not yet); Type ▸ Type Orientation switches existing text; caret, selection, hit testing and arrow keys follow the writing direction. Vertical text exports to PDF as real text and to SVG as outlines.
+- **Interface languages, vertical type:** VectorCraft ▸ Language (or Preferences ▸ User Interface) picks Automatic (the system locale) or a registered language, persisted as `interfaceLanguage`. Translations come from per-language catalogs (`i18n/*.tsv`): Traditional and Simplified Chinese, Japanese, Spanish (neutral international Spanish, for every `es-*` locale) and Italian (every `it-*` locale) cover the whole interface, Czech and Brazilian Portuguese every menu label, Brazilian Portuguese the shell's `tl!` literals too (tested); Spanish and Italian also translate status-bar and error messages as they are shown (`@msg` templates, every message literal tested; the messages themselves stay English for agents); untranslated text stays English. Japanese and Chinese glyphs come from the craft-fonts build input (release builds) or the installed fonts, Czech, Spanish and Italian ones from the bundled UI fonts. The web app follows the browser's languages (or `?lang=`). The Basic toolbar's Type button holds Vertical Type in its flyout. Vertical Type, Vertical Area Type and Vertical Type on a Path create vertical text (columns right to left, upright CJK glyphs and marks with `vert` alternates, Latin and longer numbers on their side, two- and three-digit numbers set as tate-chu-yoko in one em of the column (kept whole when justified), upright glyphs centred on the column (tracked or justified too), point type's anchor on the first column's centre line); kinsoku (the strict set) applies to horizontal and vertical Japanese, and justified Japanese lines spread their room between characters (not inside Latin words); Paragraph panel › Mojikumi Set (shown with Preferences › Type › Show East Asian Options, `text.setFormat {mojikumi}`): None or Line-end Punctuation Half Width (new type's default, as in Illustrator; older documents and imported text keep None) shares one half-em space between consecutive punctuation, sets a closing mark ending a line half width and an opening bracket starting a wrapped line flush with its start, and puts a quarter em between Japanese and Latin letters or digits; Paragraph panel menu › Top-to-Top / Bottom-to-Bottom Leading measures leading from em box top to top (area type's first line touches the frame) or from baseline to baseline (new type in a Japanese interface starts top to top, with em box centre character alignment, #432); Paragraph panel menu › Burasagari None / Regular / Force (`text.setFormat {burasagari: "none"|"standard"|"forced"}`) hangs an East Asian comma or full stop (、。，．､｡) ending an area type line outside it, Regular (new type's default) when it doesn't fit and Force always (the rest of the line then fills the measure; closing brackets and Latin punctuation don't hang); Character panel menu › Character Alignment (with the East Asian options; `text.setFormat` or `text.setRangeStyle {charAlign}`) lines characters smaller than the largest on their line up on the Roman baseline or the em box top/right, centre or bottom/left (ICF top and bottom not yet); Type ▸ Type Orientation switches existing text; caret, selection, hit testing and arrow keys follow the writing direction. Vertical text exports to PDF as real text and to SVG as outlines.
 - **Transparency:** opacity masks (clip/invert/disable/link), exported as SVG `<mask>` and PDF soft masks.
-- **Advanced art:** live Blends (steps/distance/smooth colour, editable spine, anchor-targeted Blend tool, faithful interpolation, knockout), Envelope Distort (warp/mesh/top object, Reset, full Envelope Options, mesh handles, Edit Contents; type, images, symbols, gradients, patterns and appearance distorted everywhere), Liquify tools with options and pen pressure, Puppet Warp with rotating pins, Perspective Grid with presets, movable planes and projected type (choosing a perspective tool shows the grid; Hide Grid hides it with the tool still chosen), Gradient Mesh, Shape Builder (stroke-only open paths and lines cut the regions they cross and enclose regions of their own; filled open paths count as closed; erase mode while Alt/Option is held: a minus pointer, red highlights of what will go, a click or drag deletes the regions touched, the pieces of open lines and the edges (outline pieces between the points where paths meet, opening their paths there) it passes over, one undo step, `shapeBuilder.merge {erase}` and `shapeBuilder.regions` edges over MCP), Live Paint (every path an edge, open lines included), Image Trace (12 presets; with an image selected the Control bar and the Properties panel show Image Trace, whose arrow traces with any preset, Mask (`object.maskImage`: a clipping path on the image's outline, selected so its handles crop), Crop Image and Embed or Unembed in place of Fill and Stroke; with an Image Trace object selected, its Preset (choosing another traces again), the Image Trace panel and Expand, plus Release in Properties; the View modes are not done), pattern swatches with pattern editing mode, live Repeat (radial/grid/mirror).
+- **Advanced art:** live Blends (steps/distance/smooth colour, editable spine, anchor-targeted Blend tool, faithful interpolation, knockout), Envelope Distort (warp/mesh/top object, Reset, full Envelope Options, mesh handles, Edit Contents; type, images, symbols, gradients, patterns and appearance distorted everywhere), Liquify tools with options and pen pressure, Puppet Warp with rotating pins, Perspective Grid with presets, movable planes and projected type (choosing a perspective tool shows the grid; Hide Grid hides it with the tool still chosen), Gradient Mesh, Shape Builder (stroke-only open paths and lines cut the regions they cross and enclose regions of their own; filled open paths count as closed; erase mode while Alt/Option is held: a minus pointer, red highlights of what will go, a click or drag deletes the regions touched, the pieces of open lines and the edges (outline pieces between the points where paths meet, opening their paths there) it passes over, one undo step, `shapeBuilder.merge {erase}` and `shapeBuilder.regions` edges over MCP), Live Paint (every path an edge, open lines included), Image Trace (12 presets; Object › Image Trace › Make and Make and Expand trace at once with the Default preset, #543; with an image selected the Control bar and the Properties panel show Image Trace, whose arrow traces with any preset, Mask (`object.maskImage`: a clipping path on the image's outline, selected so its handles crop), Crop Image and Embed or Unembed in place of Fill and Stroke; with an Image Trace object selected, its Preset (choosing another traces again), the Image Trace panel and Expand, plus Release in Properties; the View modes are not done), pattern swatches with pattern editing mode, live Repeat (radial/grid/mirror).
 - **Paint and appearance (M3):**
   - **Swatches:** names follow the colour model and are unique; Swatch Options (process/spot, Global, Gray/RGB/HSB/CMYK/Web, live preview); editing a global or spot swatch recolours every linked fill, stroke and text run in one undo step; multi-select and delete with confirmation; New Swatch and New Color Group dialogs (a group from the selected artwork's colours); swatches in colour groups convert, separate and count like any other. The Swatches panel selects ranges and whole groups, has a find field, and drags swatches to reorder, regroup or paint art; Add Used Colors, Select All Unused, Merge, Ungroup and Sort by Kind; a CMYK document keeps applied colours in CMYK. Swatch libraries: nine generated colour libraries and five gradient libraries in a library panel, saved and loaded as `.vcswatches`, `.gpl` or CSS. Tints of global and spot colours ("Name 40%") stay linked and separate as a percentage of their plate. Spot colours can be defined in Lab (Spot Colors options). A built-in [Registration] swatch prints on every plate.
   - **Colour:** a Color Picker (colour field, H/S/B/R/G/B channel slider, HSB/RGB/Lab/CMYK fields, hex, web-only snapping, out-of-gamut correction); the Color panel follows each colour's own model and Alt-click paints the other proxy; proxies look through groups and show "?" for mixed paint; Invert, Complement, Apply Last Color (`,`) and Apply Last Gradient (`.`) keep the colour model; every paint command feeds the recent colours. The Color Guide has 21 harmony rules, Steps and Variation options and Limit to Library. Adjust Color Balance (its Global mode shifts tints) and Saturate preview live; Edit Colors and Recolor also reach meshes, images and patterns. Recolor Artwork has colour reduction, five recolour methods, presets, Limit to Library, a colour-wheel Edit tab and Edit Color Group; a local Color Themes panel saves five-colour themes. Fill/Stroke chips open swatch and mixer popovers (the Properties panel has the Control bar's Fill and Stroke chips, Stroke link and weight spinner, with nothing selected too), panels have Illustrator's Window menu keys (Align Shift+F7, Transform Shift+F8, Pathfinder Cmd+Shift+F9, Layers F7, Character Cmd+T…; every panel can be given one in Edit › Keyboard Shortcuts), and Eyedropper Options pick up and apply chosen attributes (Alt and Shift+Alt, image pixels). Fills and strokes can overprint (Attributes panel, Overprint Black options), and CMYK documents blend in inks on screen, in PDF and when flattening. Document Color Mode converts the art, symbols, pattern tiles and swatches through the colour settings: Gray stays Gray, RGB greys separate into four-colour greys and a rich black as Illustrator does, or go on the black plate only with `grays: "black"` (also for `document.open {colorMode}`).
@@ -155,10 +157,10 @@ grade by behaviour against `plan/illustrator/`, not by whether a menu item exist
 - **Files (M4):**
   - `.vectorcraft` (lossless JSON, compressed, atomic saves, save down to v1), Save As with a format chooser, Save a Copy, Revert, templates, Data Recovery after a crash (browser tabs hold their copies with Web Locks too, so a background tab's copies are never taken for a crash's, and a tab repairs copies another removed when it resumes: #367), background save and export. The desktop app writes its warnings and errors (graphics adapter, a lost graphics device, panics the guard recovered from) to standard error and to `logs/vectorcraft.log` next to the preferences, the two previous runs kept and each file capped at 16 MiB, so a launch without a terminal still leaves something to attach to a bug report (#465).
   - SVG/SVGZ in and out with SVG Options, Preserve Editing, symbols, filters, rich text and physical units (SVG type under a transform or `viewBox` scale opens at the size it draws at, the scale moved into its size, leading, baseline shift and strokes, a stretch, skew or rotation kept as its transform: #396; a top-level group with a clip path, such as a clipped Inkscape layer, opens as a layer with a clipping mask, its name kept: #420); PDF and PDF-compatible `.ai` in and out (layers, with hidden ones kept hidden with their art and nested ones as sublayers, on pages of up to 64 million operators, art whose layer can't be told going to a hidden, non-printing layer rather than showing or printing: #419; strokes kept live, a fill and a stroke of one outline as one object; a type object's stroke written as each glyph's outline stroked back on the type, so it stays one editable object; lines wrapped in a frame (each wrapped line ending in a space, one left edge, leading and font) back as one area type object, left aligned or justified with its paragraph spacing, where laying it out breaks the lines where the file does; glyphs set apart by gaps wider than a space (a barcode's digit groups) keeping their places; layers stacked as the pages mark them even when one first paints on a later page, art ending a layer's marked content or a clip closing in a later layer kept in its own layer, and layers with no art kept empty: #508; masks, editable text with type set along a curve coming back as type on a path, each artboard's art on its own page only, an `.ai`'s white page under its layers left out rather than coming in as art, spot colours, presets, security, marks and bleed, ICC output intents, raster effects, subset fonts, PDF/X, PDF layers, overprint, page thumbnails, fast web view, PDF 1.3). CMYK images keep their ink amounts from PDF import (and from placed CMYK TIFFs) to PDF export: a CMYK JPEG passes through unchanged, others stay CMYK (DeviceCMYK, or ICC-based CMYK in PDF/X-3/X-4) unless the Output settings convert them; the canvas shows them through the working CMYK profile (#320).
-  - EPS and DXF in and out, EMF/WMF in and out; PNG (with PNG-8), JPEG, WebP, GIF, TIFF, BMP, Targa and layered PSD export. EPS import runs Illustrator's AGM/CoolType prologs (resource categories, `resourceforall`, `clipsave`/`cliprestore`, subarrays and substrings that share storage, the standard dictionaries in `systemdict`, `dictstack`, `internaldict`, executable filters, `cshow`, metadata skipped with `flushfile`), so Illustrator 30 EPS files open as vectors. It also runs what other generators write (Discord feedback, #466, #469): Illustrator 2026's procsets (`gcheck`, `rootfont`, `currentcolorrendering`: every Illustrator 2026 EPS fell back to its preview before), cairo/Inkscape (`status`/`flushfile`, images with a mask, `ImageType 3`, reusable streams), matplotlib's Type 3 fonts, Illustrator 8 EPS (stock art's usual format: executable strings such as its gradients' `ed`, `load` by integer keys, #474), Ghostscript's `//name` immediate names, `pdfmark`, `token`, `execform` and user paths. Tiling patterns come in as pattern swatches, uncoloured ones too; Type 3 fonts' glyphs as their outlines, spaced by `ashow`/`widthshow`/`xshow`/`kshow`; mesh and function-based shadings (types 1, 4–7) as gradient meshes; sampled functions (type 0) and Flate/LZW predictors are read. When a file's PostScript still can't be read, it opens as its TIFF preview, its Windows metafile preview (as vectors) or its EPSI preview, and the warning (in the status bar, `document.open`/`app.open`/MCP `open_file` replies and `vectorcraft-cli info`) names the error, the operator that raised it and the procedures it ran in. Legacy PostScript `.ai` files (Illustrator 3–8, written with the prolog that defines their operators) keep their groups and nested groups (`u` … `U`), between and inside clipping groups; EPS and EMF/WMF import nest clips (and groups) at most 128 deep, so a hostile file can't exhaust the stack. DXF TEXT justified Fit or Aligned spans its two points (stretched, or scaled as a whole).
+  - EPS and DXF in and out, EMF/WMF in and out; PNG (with PNG-8), JPEG, WebP, GIF, TIFF, BMP, Targa and layered PSD export. EPS import runs a PostScript Level 3 interpreter written from the PostScript Language Reference: resource categories and `resourceforall`, local and global VM (`currentglobal`/`setglobal`/`gcheck`), `clipsave`/`cliprestore`, subarrays and substrings that share storage, the standard dictionaries in `systemdict`, `dictstack`, `internaldict`, executable filters and strings, `load` by any key, `//name` immediate names, `token`, `execform`, user paths, `cshow`, `rootfont`, `cachestatus`, colour rendering and halftone queries, file `status` and data read with `flushfile`, and `pdfmark` marks dropped (Discord feedback, #466, #469, #474). Masked images (`ImageType 3` in its three interleavings) and reusable streams are read, and an image's several data sources are read in turn, as the reference defines (procedures that read one file get their own rows: such images came in banded, #498). `restore` puts dictionaries back as they were at the `save`, so programs that count their saves in a dictionary read to their end (part of #505). Tiling patterns come in as pattern swatches, uncoloured ones too; Type 3 fonts' glyphs as their outlines, spaced by `ashow`/`widthshow`/`xshow`/`kshow`; mesh and function-based shadings (types 1, 4–7) as gradient meshes; sampled functions (type 0) and Flate/LZW predictors are read. It is tested with programs written from the specification in the ways common generators use these features; Inkscape/cairo EPS files open as vectors. When a file's PostScript still can't be read, it opens as its TIFF preview, its Windows metafile preview (as vectors) or its EPSI preview, and the warning (in the status bar, `document.open`/`app.open`/MCP `open_file` replies and `vectorcraft-cli info`) names the error, the operator that raised it and the procedures it ran in. Legacy PostScript `.ai` files (Illustrator 3–8, written with the prolog that defines their operators) keep their groups and nested groups (`u` … `U`), between and inside clipping groups; EPS and EMF/WMF import nest clips (and groups) at most 128 deep, so a hostile file can't exhaust the stack. DXF TEXT justified Fit or Aligned spans its two points (stretched, or scaled as a whole).
   - Place and the Links panel, Package, File Info, Print with print presets, PostScript output and print tiling, slices and Save for Web, Export for Screens and Asset Export, CSS Properties, PNG/PDF/SVG/text clipboard flavours; files copied in a file manager paste as art (SVG, PDF, EMF/WMF, bitmaps) on every desktop platform, and Linux/Wayland reads the compositor's clipboard (#398); on Linux the Paste menu checks the clipboard off the UI thread, so an X11 owner that never answers can't freeze the window (#510); screenshots and other copied pictures paste as embedded images at the view centre everywhere, the web included (#457).
 - **Performance:** 20k shapes + 1k texts render in 27 ms per full-retina frame (7.8 ms zoomed), 7× faster than the first version. The UI thread never blocks. The web build is 7.1 MB gzipped.
-- **Graphics processor:** the canvas is rasterized on the CPU and the GPU only composites it, so any GPU that can show the window will do. Preferences › Performance › Graphics Processor (`gpuPreference`) is Automatic by default: the power-saving GPU on Windows and macOS (the integrated one on hybrid-graphics laptops, where presenting from the discrete GPU made the window flicker, #306), and the GPU the desktop runs on under Linux, where KWin on an NVIDIA GPU refused frames from a Ryzen's integrated GPU and 0.5.0 crashed at startup (#502). Power Saving and High Performance pick a kind of GPU; `WGPU_POWER_PREF`, `WGPU_ADAPTER_NAME` and `WGPU_BACKEND` override them. The app picks among the adapters that can present to the window (native backends before OpenGL, hardware before software), and if the window fails on one while starting up it starts again without it instead of crashing; Help › About, `ui.inspect` and the log name the adapter in use. When the browser drops the page's WebGPU device or WebGL context, the web build writes recovery copies, starts again on new graphics with the same app and uploads its textures again; if it can't, it removes the stale canvas and says to reload, which offers the copies back. The desktop app writes the copies and says to restart (#369). On Windows and Linux the tools' cursors are OS cursors (bitmaps rasterized once per display scale), which the system moves itself: painted into the window, they trailed the pointer by the frames waiting to be shown, and the window now queues one frame instead of two (#444). macOS and the web still paint them (macOS sizes cursor bitmaps in points, eframe has no bitmap cursors on the web). Pens and touch drive the tools as the mouse does, and a tap pressed and lifted within one frame clicks where it tapped (#491); pen pressure reaches the Liquify tools' Use Pressure Pen on Windows, while winit 0.30 reports none on macOS or Linux and egui none on the web. On Linux, see `docs/development.md` for pens under Wayland.
+- **Graphics processor:** the canvas is rasterized on the CPU and the GPU only composites it, so any GPU that can show the window will do. Preferences › Performance › Graphics Processor (`gpuPreference`) is Automatic by default: the power-saving GPU on Windows and macOS (the integrated one on hybrid-graphics laptops, where presenting from the discrete GPU made the window flicker, #306), and the GPU the desktop runs on under Linux, where KWin on an NVIDIA GPU refused frames from a Ryzen's integrated GPU and 0.5.0 crashed at startup (#502). Power Saving and High Performance pick a kind of GPU; `WGPU_POWER_PREF`, `WGPU_ADAPTER_NAME` and `WGPU_BACKEND` override them. The app picks among the adapters that can present to the window (native backends before OpenGL, hardware before software, and on Windows a GPU's DX12 adapter before its Vulkan one: Intel's Vulkan driver made the whole window flicker black, #545), and if the window fails on one while starting up it starts again without it instead of crashing; Help › About, `ui.inspect` and the log name the adapter in use. When the browser drops the page's WebGPU device or WebGL context, the web build writes recovery copies, starts again on new graphics with the same app and uploads its textures again; if it can't, it removes the stale canvas and says to reload, which offers the copies back. The desktop app writes the copies and says to restart (#369). On Windows and Linux the tools' cursors are OS cursors (bitmaps rasterized once per display scale), which the system moves itself: painted into the window, they trailed the pointer by the frames waiting to be shown, and the window now queues one frame instead of two (#444). macOS and the web still paint them (macOS sizes cursor bitmaps in points, eframe has no bitmap cursors on the web). Pens and touch drive the tools as the mouse does, and a tap pressed and lifted within one frame clicks where it tapped (#491); pen pressure reaches the Liquify tools' Use Pressure Pen on Windows, while winit 0.30 reports none on macOS or Linux and egui none on the web. On Linux, see `docs/development.md` for pens under Wayland.
 - **Tests and robustness:** ~2,840 automated tests: model-based property tests, a junk-parameter sweep over every command, import fuzzing (SVG, PDF, libraries), golden renders, and MCP end-to-end tests over stdio. Shipped code never panics (workspace lints and a rollback safety net; see `docs/development.md`).
 
 ## Milestones and estimates
@@ -213,12 +215,12 @@ about 1–1.5 agent-hours each, so the other rows (estimated on the older scale)
 | Image Trace, graphs, image tools | 3 | 70% | graph Design/Column/Marker, Create Object Mosaic, Crop Image polish (an on-canvas crop box), Image Trace View modes (Outlines, Source Image) (Vector Halftone is done) | 6–10 |
 | Layers, artboards, document setup | 5 | 82% | Layers panel: a confirmation before deleting layers that hold art, Collect for Export, row context menus, the Layer Options dialog for several rows with mixed values, Paste Remembers Layers for sublayers, drag-scrolling a long panel while dragging rows; artboard presets/rearrange polish (Document Setup, New Document and the rest of the Layers panel are done) | 4–7 |
 | View & navigation | 3 | 70% | New View/Edit Views, multiple windows/arrange, Snap to Pixel/Glyph (print tiling is done) | 9–14 |
-| Guides, grids, smart guides, snapping, rulers | 3 | 82% | global/video rulers, smart-guide preference depth, Alt swapping a ruler guide's orientation, ruler guides selected together with art (marquee, Shift-click), ruler guides as Layers rows with their own lock and hide (#451: Lock Guides locks them all; Make Guides paths are Layers rows already) (dragging existing guides is done, #414; new guides snapping to side midpoints and artboards, and artboard guides, #451) | 3–5 |
-| File formats | 6 | 85% | DWG (no open spec: DXF instead), PSD placement as layers, EPS checked against more real files (Illustrator 2026 and Inkscape files open as vectors; CorelDRAW, Affinity, LibreOffice, matplotlib and Ghostscript output checked with synthetic programs only; CID-keyed CJK type and `CCITTFaxDecode` images not read), legacy `.ai` files saved without the prolog that defines their operators (their own operator set isn't read yet), the remaining fidelity polish; EPS, DXF, EMF/WMF, TIFF, BMP, Targa, PSD export, SVGZ, PDF security, PDF/X, PDF layers and presets are done | 6–10 |
+| Guides, grids, smart guides, snapping, rulers | 3 | 84% | global/video rulers, Spacing Guides, Smart Guides' angle and distance readouts while drawing, Alt swapping a ruler guide's orientation, ruler guides selected together with art (marquee, Shift-click), ruler guides as Layers rows with their own lock and hide (#451: Lock Guides locks them all; Make Guides paths are Layers rows already) (dragging existing guides is done, #414; new guides snapping to side midpoints and artboards, and artboard guides, #451; the drawing tools snapping, with Construction Guides, #506) | 2–4 |
+| File formats | 6 | 85% | DWG (no open spec: DXF instead), PSD placement as layers, EPS checked against more real files users send (Inkscape files open as vectors; other generators' constructs are tested with programs written from the PostScript Language Reference only; CID-keyed CJK type and `CCITTFaxDecode` images not read), legacy `.ai` files saved without the prolog that defines their operators (their own operator set isn't read yet), the remaining fidelity polish; EPS, DXF, EMF/WMF, TIFF, BMP, Targa, PSD export, SVGZ, PDF security, PDF/X, PDF layers and presets are done | 6–10 |
 | Export for Screens, Asset Export, slices, Save for Web | 3 | 85% | polish only (all four are done) | 2–4 |
 | Print, colour management, separations, flattener | 3 | 80% | print preview fidelity (flattener presets in PDF and print, overprint in PDF and composite print, Print dialog, presets, PostScript, marks, separations, Print Tiling, print overprint/flattener/bitmap options and printer profile are done) | 1–2 |
 | Automation | 3 | 60% | Variables (data merge), scripting surface, batch | 8–12 |
-| UI chrome (panels, contextual Properties, workspaces, prefs) | 6 | 78% | Variables, SVG Interactivity, Properties per context, Consolidate All Windows, floating panels outside the app window and docked into any group, context menus beyond the canvas (Links, Asset Export, CSS Properties, Attributes and the canvas context menu are done), about 32 Preferences options stored but not yet acted on (#394: Construction and Spacing Guides, Auto Size New Area Type, Show Font Names in English, Highlight Alternate Glyphs, performance, devices…) | 14–22 |
+| UI chrome (panels, contextual Properties, workspaces, prefs) | 6 | 78% | Variables, SVG Interactivity, Properties per context, Consolidate All Windows, floating panels outside the app window and docked into any group, context menus beyond the canvas (Links, Asset Export, CSS Properties, Attributes and the canvas context menu are done), about 30 Preferences options stored but not yet acted on (#394: Spacing Guides, Auto Size New Area Type, Show Font Names in English, Highlight Alternate Glyphs, performance, devices…) | 14–22 |
 | Libraries, Links, Package | 2 | 50% | a local Libraries panel (no cloud by design); Links and Package are done | 5–8 |
 | **Feature parity** | **103** | **~75%** | | **~210–330** |
 | Interaction-fidelity pass (side by side with Illustrator: every tool modifier, cursor, dialog, Properties context) | | | | 60–90 |

apps/vectorcraft/Cargo.toml

@@ -37,9 +37,11 @@ winit = { version = "0.30", default-features = false }
 clipboard-win = { workspace = true }
 
 [target.'cfg(target_os = "macos")'.dependencies]
-muda = { version = "0.21", default-features = false }
+# The macOS menu bar (src/mac_menu.rs): Tauri's menu crate, AppKit menus behind a safe API (no GTK
+# with default features off). Pinned exactly: review the diff before bumping.
+muda = { version = "=0.21.1", default-features = false }
 objc2 = "0.6"
-objc2-app-kit = { version = "0.3", default-features = false, features = ["std", "NSApplication", "NSPasteboard", "NSResponder", "NSTextInputContext"] }
+objc2-app-kit = { version = "0.3", default-features = false, features = ["std", "NSApplication", "NSEvent", "NSPasteboard", "NSResponder", "NSTextInputContext"] }
 # Files opened from Finder and the Dock (src/open_documents.rs) and pasted bitmaps (src/clipboard.rs); both already come with winit, muda and rfd.
 objc2-foundation = { version = "0.3", default-features = false, features = ["std", "block2", "NSArray", "NSData", "NSNotification", "NSOperation", "NSString", "NSURL"] }
 block2 = "0.6"

apps/vectorcraft/src/gpu.rs

@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@
 //! The canvas is rasterized on the CPU; the GPU only composites it and draws the UI, so any
 //! adapter that can present to the window will do. [`adapter_order`] ranks the adapters: those that
 //! can't present to the window's surface never, then the one `WGPU_ADAPTER_NAME` names, hardware
-//! before software, the native backends (Vulkan, Metal, DX12) before OpenGL, and the power
-//! preference ([`power_preference`]) among the rest. eframe is handed [`selector`], which takes
-//! the first of that order.
+//! before software, the native backends (Vulkan, Metal, DX12) before OpenGL, the power preference
+//! ([`power_preference`]) among the rest, and a GPU's DX12 adapter before its Vulkan one (#545).
+//! eframe is handed [`selector`], which takes the first of that order.
 //!
 //! An adapter can report that it presents to the window and still fail once it does: on a hybrid
 //! Linux desktop under Wayland, the compositor runs on one GPU and may refuse the frame buffers
@@ -89,15 +89,17 @@ fn key(backend: Backend, vendor: u32, device: u32) -> String {
 
 /// The order to try `candidates` in (their indices): only those that present to the window and
 /// aren't in `skip`; the one whose name contains `named` (any case) first; hardware before
-/// software; native backends before OpenGL; then by `power`, keeping the system's order among
-/// equals (all of it for [`PowerPreference::None`]).
+/// software; native backends before OpenGL; then by `power`; then DX12 before Vulkan, keeping the
+/// system's order among equals (all of it for [`PowerPreference::None`]). Windows lists each GPU
+/// under both, and Intel's Vulkan driver made the whole window flicker black where DX12 and OpenGL
+/// didn't (#545); elsewhere there is no DX12 adapter, so the order is unchanged.
 pub fn adapter_order(candidates: &[Candidate], power: PowerPreference, named: Option<&str>, skip: &[String]) -> Vec<usize> {
     let named = named.map(str::to_lowercase).filter(|n| !n.is_empty());
     let mut order: Vec<(usize, &Candidate)> = candidates.iter().enumerate().filter(|(_, c)| c.presents && !skip.contains(&c.key)).collect();
     // Stable, so equals keep the system's order.
     order.sort_by_key(|(_, c)| {
         let unnamed = named.as_ref().is_some_and(|n| !c.name.to_lowercase().contains(n));
-        (unnamed, c.device_type == DeviceType::Cpu, c.backend == Backend::Gl, power_rank(c.device_type, power))
+        (unnamed, c.device_type == DeviceType::Cpu, c.backend == Backend::Gl, power_rank(c.device_type, power), c.backend == Backend::Vulkan)
     });
     order.into_iter().map(|(i, _)| i).collect()
 }
@@ -361,7 +363,7 @@ mod tests {
     }
 
     /// A Windows machine lists every GPU twice (Vulkan and DX12): power saving still takes the
-    /// integrated GPU first, as wgpu's own choice did (#306).
+    /// integrated GPU first, as wgpu's own choice did (#306), each GPU through DX12 first (#545).
     #[test]
     fn hybrid_laptop_on_windows_renders_on_the_integrated_gpu_with_power_saving() {
         let c = vec![
@@ -372,8 +374,25 @@ mod tests {
             gpu("Microsoft Basic Render Driver", Backend::Dx12, DeviceType::Cpu),
         ];
         let order = adapter_order(&c, PowerPreference::LowPower, None, &[]);
-        assert_eq!(order, [1, 3, 0, 2, 4]);
-        assert_eq!(adapter_order(&c, PowerPreference::HighPerformance, None, &[]), [0, 2, 1, 3, 4]);
+        assert_eq!(order, [3, 1, 2, 0, 4]);
+        assert_eq!(adapter_order(&c, PowerPreference::HighPerformance, None, &[]), [2, 0, 3, 1, 4]);
+    }
+
+    /// The machine of #545: one Intel GPU, whose Vulkan driver made the window flicker black.
+    /// DX12 comes first whatever the preference; Vulkan stays a fallback, and `WGPU_ADAPTER_NAME`
+    /// or a restart leaving DX12 out still reach it.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_windows_gpu_renders_through_dx12_before_vulkan() {
+        let c = vec![
+            gpu("Intel(R) Graphics", Backend::Vulkan, DeviceType::IntegratedGpu),
+            gpu("Intel(R) Graphics", Backend::Dx12, DeviceType::IntegratedGpu),
+            gpu("Microsoft Basic Render Driver", Backend::Dx12, DeviceType::Cpu),
+            gpu("Intel(R) Graphics", Backend::Gl, DeviceType::Other),
+        ];
+        for power in [PowerPreference::LowPower, PowerPreference::HighPerformance, PowerPreference::None] {
+            assert_eq!(adapter_order(&c, power, None, &[]), [1, 0, 3, 2], "{power:?}");
+        }
+        assert_eq!(adapter_order(&c, PowerPreference::LowPower, None, &[c[1].key.clone()]), [0, 3, 2], "DX12 failed: Vulkan next");
     }
 
     #[test]

apps/vectorcraft/src/mac_menu.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,367 @@
+//! The macOS menu bar, through muda (Tauri's menu crate: AppKit menus behind a safe API, no GTK
+//! with default features off). The menus, their Mac layout and how their keys reach VectorCraft
+//! are in `vectorcraft_ui_egui::native_menu`; this file only builds and updates the `NSMenu`s.
+//!
+//! - Item ids are the items' places (`vc12`, depth first): one command can run from several items
+//!   (each language of VectorCraft › Language is `app.language` with its own code).
+//! - A structure change (a recent file added, the language or a shortcut changed) rebuilds the
+//!   menu; labels, enabled and checked are updated in place.
+//! - A chosen item is a click or a key equivalent: AppKit's current event says which. A key
+//!   equivalent goes back to egui as the key press that was made (the event's modifiers, not the
+//!   item's: AppKit may match ⌘R to a ⇧⌘R item), so VectorCraft's key rules still apply.
+//! - Hide and Hide Others are items of ours calling `NSApplication`: AppKit's own always take ⌘H
+//!   (View › Hide Edges) and ⌥⌘H.
+
+use std::sync::mpsc::{Receiver, channel};
+
+use egui::{Key, KeyboardShortcut};
+use muda::accelerator::{Accelerator, Code, Modifiers};
+use muda::{CheckMenuItem, Menu, MenuEvent, MenuItem, PredefinedMenuItem, Submenu};
+use objc2::MainThreadMarker;
+use objc2_app_kit::{NSApplication, NSEventModifierFlags, NSEventType};
+use vectorcraft_ui_egui::VectorcraftApp;
+use vectorcraft_ui_egui::native_menu::{self, Backend, Event, MenuBar, MenuRole, Node, Standard};
+
+enum Handle {
+    Plain(MenuItem),
+    Check(CheckMenuItem),
+}
+
+/// One native item, in the order of [`MenuBar::items`].
+struct Entry {
+    handle: Handle,
+    item: native_menu::Item,
+    /// Its shortcut, when it is a key equivalent.
+    chord: Option<KeyboardShortcut>,
+}
+
+/// How an item was chosen, read from AppKit's current event while it calls the handler.
+struct Chosen {
+    id: String,
+    /// A key press (not a mouse click), and the modifiers held: ⌘, ⌃, ⌥, ⇧.
+    key: bool,
+    mods: [bool; 4],
+}
+
+pub struct MacMenu {
+    menu: Option<Menu>,
+    entries: Vec<Entry>,
+    rx: Receiver<Chosen>,
+    structure: u64,
+}
+
+impl MacMenu {
+    fn new(ctx: &egui::Context) -> MacMenu {
+        let (tx, rx) = channel();
+        let repaint = ctx.clone();
+        MenuEvent::set_event_handler(Some(move |e: MenuEvent| {
+            // AppKit calls this on the main thread, from the event that chose the item: a key
+            // equivalent is a key-down, a click a mouse-up (or ↩ inside the open menu).
+            let event = MainThreadMarker::new().and_then(|mtm| NSApplication::sharedApplication(mtm).currentEvent());
+            let key = event.as_ref().is_some_and(|ev| ev.r#type() == NSEventType::KeyDown);
+            let flags = event.as_ref().map_or(NSEventModifierFlags::empty(), |ev| ev.modifierFlags());
+            let mods = [NSEventModifierFlags::Command, NSEventModifierFlags::Control, NSEventModifierFlags::Option, NSEventModifierFlags::Shift]
+                .map(|m| flags.contains(m));
+            // The receiver only goes away with the app.
+            let _ = tx.send(Chosen { id: e.id.0, key, mods });
+            // Wake egui, so the item runs now rather than on the next mouse move.
+            repaint.request_repaint();
+        }));
+        MacMenu { menu: None, entries: Vec::new(), rx, structure: 0 }
+    }
+
+    /// Build the menus of `bar` and make them the app's, in place of the ones before.
+    fn build(&mut self, bar: &MenuBar) -> muda::Result<()> {
+        let mut entries = Vec::new();
+        let menu = Menu::new();
+        let mut special = Vec::new();
+        for m in &bar.menus {
+            let sub = Submenu::new(escape(&m.title), true);
+            append(&sub, &m.children, &mut entries)?;
+            menu.append(&sub)?;
+            if matches!(m.role, MenuRole::Window | MenuRole::Help) {
+                special.push((m.role, sub));
+            }
+        }
+        if let Some(old) = self.menu.take() {
+            old.remove_for_nsapp();
+        }
+        menu.init_for_nsapp();
+        // Only once the menu is the app's: muda looks the submenus up in the installed main menu.
+        for (role, sub) in special {
+            match role {
+                MenuRole::Window => sub.set_as_windows_menu_for_nsapp(),
+                _ => sub.set_as_help_menu_for_nsapp(),
+            }
+        }
+        self.menu = Some(menu);
+        self.entries = entries;
+        self.structure = native_menu::structure_key(bar);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+fn append(sub: &Submenu, nodes: &[Node], entries: &mut Vec<Entry>) -> muda::Result<()> {
+    for n in nodes {
+        match n {
+            Node::Separator => sub.append(&PredefinedMenuItem::separator())?,
+            Node::Header(label) => sub.append(&MenuItem::new(escape(label), false, None))?,
+            Node::Submenu { label, children } => {
+                let s = Submenu::new(escape(label), !children.is_empty());
+                append(&s, children, entries)?;
+                sub.append(&s)?;
+            }
+            Node::Standard(item) => {
+                let text = Some(vectorcraft_ui_egui::i18n::t(item.label()));
+                let p = match item {
+                    Standard::Services => PredefinedMenuItem::services(text),
+                    Standard::ShowAll => PredefinedMenuItem::show_all(text),
+                    Standard::Zoom => PredefinedMenuItem::maximize(text),
+                    Standard::BringAllToFront => PredefinedMenuItem::bring_all_to_front(text),
+                };
+                sub.append(&p)?;
+            }
+            Node::Item(it) => {
+                let id = format!("vc{}", entries.len());
+                let chord = it.shortcut.and_then(vectorcraft_ui_egui::shortcuts::parse).filter(native_menu::native_ok);
+                let accel = chord.as_ref().and_then(accelerator);
+                let handle = match it.checked {
+                    Some(c) => {
+                        let h = CheckMenuItem::with_id(id, escape(&it.label), it.enabled, c, accel);
+                        sub.append(&h)?;
+                        Handle::Check(h)
+                    }
+                    None => {
+                        let h = MenuItem::with_id(id, escape(&it.label), it.enabled, accel);
+                        sub.append(&h)?;
+                        Handle::Plain(h)
+                    }
+                };
+                entries.push(Entry { handle, item: it.clone(), chord });
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+impl Backend for MacMenu {
+    fn sync(&mut self, bar: &MenuBar) {
+        let items = bar.items();
+        if self.menu.is_none() || native_menu::structure_key(bar) != self.structure || items.len() != self.entries.len() {
+            if let Err(e) = self.build(bar) {
+                // The menus as they were stay up (a failed build changed nothing).
+                log::warn!("couldn't rebuild the macOS menu bar: {e}");
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        for (e, it) in self.entries.iter_mut().zip(items) {
+            if e.item.label != it.label {
+                let text = escape(&it.label);
+                match &e.handle {
+                    Handle::Plain(h) => h.set_text(text),
+                    Handle::Check(h) => h.set_text(text),
+                }
+            }
+            if e.item.enabled != it.enabled {
+                match &e.handle {
+                    Handle::Plain(h) => h.set_enabled(it.enabled),
+                    Handle::Check(h) => h.set_enabled(it.enabled),
+                }
+            }
+            // Compare with AppKit's own state: muda toggles a check item when it's clicked.
+            if let (Handle::Check(h), Some(c)) = (&e.handle, it.checked)
+                && h.is_checked() != c
+            {
+                h.set_checked(c);
+            }
+            if e.item != *it {
+                e.item = it.clone();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn drain(&mut self) -> Vec<Event> {
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        while let Ok(chosen) = self.rx.try_recv() {
+            // Ids that aren't ours are AppKit's own items (Services, Zoom…), already handled.
+            let Some(e) = chosen.id.strip_prefix("vc").and_then(|n| n.parse::<usize>().ok()).and_then(|i| self.entries.get(i)) else { continue };
+            if let Some(command @ (native_menu::HIDE | native_menu::HIDE_OTHERS)) = e.item.command {
+                if let Some(mtm) = MainThreadMarker::new() {
+                    let app = NSApplication::sharedApplication(mtm);
+                    if command == native_menu::HIDE { app.hide(None) } else { app.hideOtherApplications(None) }
+                }
+                continue;
+            }
+            // A key-down chose it: its key equivalent, unless it was ↩ or Space inside the open
+            // menu (no ⌘ or ⌃ while the item's shortcut has one). The key is the item's (AppKit
+            // matched on it); the modifiers are the ones held.
+            let [cmd, ctrl, alt, shift] = chosen.mods;
+            let key = e
+                .chord
+                .filter(|c| {
+                    chosen.key && e.item.command != Some(native_menu::MINIMIZE) && (cmd || ctrl || !(c.modifiers.command || c.modifiers.ctrl))
+                })
+                .map(|c| KeyboardShortcut::new(egui::Modifiers { alt, ctrl, shift, mac_cmd: cmd, command: cmd }, c.logical_key));
+            out.push(match key {
+                Some(k) => Event::Key(k),
+                None => Event::Click(e.item.clone()),
+            });
+        }
+        out
+    }
+}
+
+/// Install the menu bar (in eframe's creator closure, so winit's default menu doesn't stay up).
+/// `None` keeps the menus in the window: AppKit refused them (logged), never a crash.
+pub fn install(ctx: &egui::Context, app: &VectorcraftApp) -> Option<native_menu::NativeMenu> {
+    vectorcraft_ui_egui::i18n::set_current(app.ui_language());
+    let bar = native_menu::layout(app).bar;
+    let built = vectorcraft_engine::guard::catch_panic(|| {
+        let mut menu = MacMenu::new(ctx);
+        menu.build(&bar).map(|()| menu)
+    });
+    match built {
+        Ok(Ok(menu)) => Some(native_menu::NativeMenu::new(Box::new(menu))),
+        Ok(Err(e)) => {
+            log::warn!("couldn't install the macOS menu bar ({e}); the menus stay in the window");
+            None
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            log::warn!("couldn't install the macOS menu bar ({e}); the menus stay in the window");
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// `&` marks a mnemonic in muda labels: "Fill & Stroke" keeps its ampersand.
+fn escape(s: &str) -> String {
+    s.replace('&', "&&")
+}
+
+/// A key equivalent for AppKit. `Cmd` is ⌘ (`META`) and `Ctrl` is ⌃: never folded together.
+fn accelerator(c: &KeyboardShortcut) -> Option<Accelerator> {
+    let m = c.modifiers;
+    let mut mods = Modifiers::empty();
+    for (on, flag) in [(m.command || m.mac_cmd, Modifiers::META), (m.ctrl, Modifiers::CONTROL), (m.alt, Modifiers::ALT), (m.shift, Modifiers::SHIFT)]
+    {
+        if on {
+            mods |= flag;
+        }
+    }
+    Some(Accelerator::new(mods, code(c.logical_key)?))
+}
+
+/// The key code AppKit matches for an egui key.
+fn code(key: Key) -> Option<Code> {
+    Some(match key {
+        Key::A => Code::KeyA,
+        Key::B => Code::KeyB,
+        Key::C => Code::KeyC,
+        Key::D => Code::KeyD,
+        Key::E => Code::KeyE,
+        Key::F => Code::KeyF,
+        Key::G => Code::KeyG,
+        Key::H => Code::KeyH,
+        Key::I => Code::KeyI,
+        Key::J => Code::KeyJ,
+        Key::K => Code::KeyK,
+        Key::L => Code::KeyL,
+        Key::M => Code::KeyM,
+        Key::N => Code::KeyN,
+        Key::O => Code::KeyO,
+        Key::P => Code::KeyP,
+        Key::Q => Code::KeyQ,
+        Key::R => Code::KeyR,
+        Key::S => Code::KeyS,
+        Key::T => Code::KeyT,
+        Key::U => Code::KeyU,
+        Key::V => Code::KeyV,
+        Key::W => Code::KeyW,
+        Key::X => Code::KeyX,
+        Key::Y => Code::KeyY,
+        Key::Z => Code::KeyZ,
+        Key::Num0 => Code::Digit0,
+        Key::Num1 => Code::Digit1,
+        Key::Num2 => Code::Digit2,
+        Key::Num3 => Code::Digit3,
+        Key::Num4 => Code::Digit4,
+        Key::Num5 => Code::Digit5,
+        Key::Num6 => Code::Digit6,
+        Key::Num7 => Code::Digit7,
+        Key::Num8 => Code::Digit8,
+        Key::Num9 => Code::Digit9,
+        Key::F1 => Code::F1,
+        Key::F2 => Code::F2,
+        Key::F3 => Code::F3,
+        Key::F4 => Code::F4,
+        Key::F5 => Code::F5,
+        Key::F6 => Code::F6,
+        Key::F7 => Code::F7,
+        Key::F8 => Code::F8,
+        Key::F9 => Code::F9,
+        Key::F10 => Code::F10,
+        Key::F11 => Code::F11,
+        Key::F12 => Code::F12,
+        Key::F13 => Code::F13,
+        Key::F14 => Code::F14,
+        Key::F15 => Code::F15,
+        Key::F16 => Code::F16,
+        Key::F17 => Code::F17,
+        Key::F18 => Code::F18,
+        Key::F19 => Code::F19,
+        Key::F20 => Code::F20,
+        Key::F21 => Code::F21,
+        Key::F22 => Code::F22,
+        Key::F23 => Code::F23,
+        Key::F24 => Code::F24,
+        Key::OpenBracket => Code::BracketLeft,
+        Key::CloseBracket => Code::BracketRight,
+        Key::Backslash => Code::Backslash,
+        Key::Slash => Code::Slash,
+        // `+` is Shift+`=` on the keyboards AppKit matches by key: Zoom In shows ⌘=.
+        Key::Equals | Key::Plus => Code::Equal,
+        Key::Minus => Code::Minus,
+        Key::Quote => Code::Quote,
+        Key::Semicolon => Code::Semicolon,
+        Key::Comma => Code::Comma,
+        Key::Period => Code::Period,
+        Key::Backtick => Code::Backquote,
+        Key::Backspace => Code::Backspace,
+        Key::Delete => Code::Delete,
+        Key::Enter => Code::Enter,
+        Key::Tab => Code::Tab,
+        Key::Space => Code::Space,
+        Key::Escape => Code::Escape,
+        Key::ArrowLeft => Code::ArrowLeft,
+        Key::ArrowRight => Code::ArrowRight,
+        Key::ArrowUp => Code::ArrowUp,
+        Key::ArrowDown => Code::ArrowDown,
+        _ => return None,
+    })
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// Every shortcut the Mac menu shows as a key equivalent has one AppKit can match.
+    #[test]
+    fn every_menu_shortcut_maps_to_a_key_equivalent() {
+        let app = VectorcraftApp::new(vectorcraft_engine::Session::new(), Default::default());
+        let bar = native_menu::layout(&app).bar;
+        let mut native = 0;
+        for it in bar.items() {
+            let Some(c) = it.shortcut.and_then(vectorcraft_ui_egui::shortcuts::parse).filter(native_menu::native_ok) else { continue };
+            assert!(accelerator(&c).is_some(), "{:?} ({:?}) has no key equivalent", it.shortcut, it.command);
+            native += 1;
+        }
+        assert!(native > 70, "{native} key equivalents");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn control_and_command_stay_distinct() {
+        let parse = |s| vectorcraft_ui_egui::shortcuts::parse(s).and_then(|c| accelerator(&c));
+        assert_ne!(parse("Cmd+M"), parse("Ctrl+Cmd+M"));
+        assert!(parse("Cmd+M").is_some());
+    }
+}

apps/vectorcraft/src/main.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 //! VectorCraft desktop app.
 //!
-//! Usage: `vectorcraft [--control <port>] [files…]`
+//! Usage: `vectorcraft [--control <port>] [--in-window-menus] [files…]`
+//!
+//! `--in-window-menus` (or `VECTORCRAFT_IN_WINDOW_MENUS=1`) keeps the menus inside the window on
+//! macOS instead of the macOS menu bar (`mac_menu`).
 //!
 //! `--control <port>` (or `VECTORCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT`) starts a localhost JSON-lines control server:
 //! `{"id":1,"method":"ui.inspect","params":{}}` → `{"id":1,"ok":true,"result":…}`.
@@ -20,7 +23,7 @@ mod control_server;
 mod gpu;
 mod logging;
 #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
-mod native_menu;
+mod mac_menu;
 #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
 mod open_documents;
 mod printing;
@@ -37,8 +40,6 @@ struct App {
     graphics_loss: GraphicsLoss,
     /// The graphics device was lost and the unsaved changes are kept for Data Recovery.
     graphics_lost: bool,
-    #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
-    menu: Option<native_menu::NativeMenu>,
 }
 
 impl eframe::App for App {
@@ -59,15 +60,7 @@ impl eframe::App for App {
             return;
         }
         #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
-        {
-            if self.menu.is_none() && std::env::var_os("VECTORCRAFT_NO_NATIVE_MENU").is_none() {
-                self.menu = Some(native_menu::NativeMenu::install(&mut self.app));
-            }
-            if let Some(m) = &mut self.menu {
-                m.poll(&mut self.app, ctx);
-            }
-            open_files(&mut self.app, open_documents::take());
-        }
+        open_files(&mut self.app, open_documents::take());
         self.app.logic(ctx);
         window::track(ctx, &mut self.app.ui.window);
         if self.app.ui.status == "quit" {
@@ -319,10 +312,12 @@ fn main() -> std::process::ExitCode {
     vectorcraft_ui_egui::i18n::detect_system_lang_in_background();
     let mut control_port: Option<u16> = std::env::var("VECTORCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT").ok().and_then(|p| p.parse().ok());
     let mut files = Vec::new();
+    let mut in_window_menus = std::env::var_os("VECTORCRAFT_IN_WINDOW_MENUS").is_some_and(|v| !v.is_empty() && v != "0");
     let mut args = std::env::args().skip(1);
     while let Some(a) = args.next() {
         match a.as_str() {
             "--control" => control_port = args.next().and_then(|p| p.parse().ok()),
+            "--in-window-menus" => in_window_menus = true,
             "--version" => {
                 println!("vectorcraft {}", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"));
                 return std::process::ExitCode::SUCCESS;
@@ -434,15 +429,17 @@ fn main() -> std::process::ExitCode {
                     app = app.with_control(rx);
                 }
                 #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
-                open_documents::set_ui(&cc.egui_ctx);
+                {
+                    open_documents::set_ui(&cc.egui_ctx);
+                    // The macOS menu bar, installed now so winit's default menu doesn't stay up.
+                    if !in_window_menus {
+                        app.services.native_menu = mac_menu::install(&cc.egui_ctx, &app);
+                    }
+                }
+                #[cfg(not(target_os = "macos"))]
+                let _ = in_window_menus;
                 open_files(&mut app, files);
-                Ok(Box::new(App {
-                    app,
-                    graphics_loss,
-                    graphics_lost: false,
-                    #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
-                    menu: None,
-                }))
+                Ok(Box::new(App { app, graphics_loss, graphics_lost: false }))
             }),
         )
     });

apps/vectorcraft/src/native_menu.rs

@@ -1,183 +0,0 @@
-//! macOS: VectorCraft's menu tree as the native system menu bar (like Illustrator on the Mac).
-//! Items dispatch through the same command path as the in-window menus; enablement, check marks
-//! and dynamic labels ("Undo Move") are refreshed a few times per second, and the menu is rebuilt
-//! when saved views or recent files come and go.
-
-use std::collections::HashMap;
-use std::str::FromStr;
-
-use muda::accelerator::Accelerator;
-use muda::{CheckMenuItem, Menu, MenuEvent, MenuItem, PredefinedMenuItem, Submenu};
-use serde_json::Value;
-use vectorcraft_ui_egui::VectorcraftApp;
-use vectorcraft_ui_egui::i18n::{self, Lang, t};
-use vectorcraft_ui_egui::menus::{self, Item};
-
-enum Handle {
-    Plain(MenuItem),
-    Check(CheckMenuItem),
-}
-
-pub struct NativeMenu {
-    _menu: Menu,
-    items: HashMap<String, (String, Value, Handle, String)>,
-    last_refresh: f64,
-    /// Shortcut-override / workspace-list generation the menu was built for.
-    generation: u64,
-    /// Saved views and recent files listed (empty slots are left out, so a change rebuilds).
-    slots: usize,
-    /// Plug-in registry revision the Plug-ins submenus were built for.
-    plugins: u64,
-    /// The language the labels were built in (a change rebuilds the menu).
-    language: Lang,
-}
-
-/// Accelerator for a shortcut like "Cmd+Shift+]" (modifier-less shortcuts stay in the app so they
-/// don't steal keys from text fields; a focused field still gets Cmd+A/X/C/V, see [`NativeMenu::poll`]).
-fn accel(sc: &str) -> Option<Accelerator> {
-    if !(sc.contains("Cmd") || sc.contains("Ctrl") || sc.contains("Alt") || sc.starts_with('F')) {
-        return None;
-    }
-    Accelerator::from_str(&sc.replace("Cmd", "CMD").replace("Alt", "ALT").replace("Shift", "SHIFT").replace("Ctrl", "CTRL")).ok()
-}
-
-impl NativeMenu {
-    pub fn install(app: &mut VectorcraftApp) -> Self {
-        // Accelerators come from `shortcut_of`, which honours the user's overrides.
-        vectorcraft_ui_egui::shortcut_editor::sync(&app.ui);
-        let generation = vectorcraft_ui_egui::shortcut_editor::GENERATION.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
-        let menu = Menu::new();
-        let mut items = HashMap::new();
-        let mut counter = 0usize;
-        for (title, entries) in menus::menu_tree() {
-            let sub = Submenu::new(t(title), true);
-            build(app, &sub, &entries, &mut items, &mut counter);
-            let _ = menu.append(&sub);
-        }
-        menu.init_for_nsapp();
-        app.native_menu = true;
-        app.native_shortcuts = items
-            .values()
-            .filter(|(_, p, _, c)| (p.is_null() || p.as_object().is_some_and(|o| o.is_empty())) && menus::shortcut_of(c).and_then(accel).is_some())
-            .map(|(_, _, _, c)| c.clone())
-            .collect();
-        Self {
-            _menu: menu,
-            items,
-            last_refresh: 0.0,
-            generation,
-            slots: menus::listed_slots(app),
-            plugins: menus::plugin_revision(),
-            language: i18n::current(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Dispatch chosen items (a focused text field takes Select All and the clipboard) and refresh
-    /// state.
-    pub fn poll(&mut self, app: &mut VectorcraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
-        while let Ok(ev) = MenuEvent::receiver().try_recv() {
-            if let Some((cmd, params, _, _)) = self.items.get(ev.id.as_ref()) {
-                let p = if params.is_null() { serde_json::json!({}) } else { params.clone() };
-                menus::invoke_from_system_menu(app, ctx, cmd, p);
-            }
-        }
-        let now = vectorcraft_ui_egui::now_ms();
-        if now - self.last_refresh < 250.0 {
-            return;
-        }
-        self.last_refresh = now;
-        // Shortcuts edited, workspaces added, saved views, recent files, plug-ins or the UI language
-        // changed: rebuild so accelerators, lists and labels are current.
-        if vectorcraft_ui_egui::shortcut_editor::GENERATION.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed) != self.generation
-            || menus::listed_slots(app) != self.slots
-            || menus::plugin_revision() != self.plugins
-            || i18n::current() != self.language
-        {
-            *self = NativeMenu::install(app);
-            return;
-        }
-        for (run, rp, h, cmd) in self.items.values() {
-            let null = Value::Null;
-            let params = if run == cmd { rp } else { &null };
-            let en = menus::enabled(app, cmd);
-            match h {
-                Handle::Plain(i) => {
-                    i.set_enabled(en);
-                    if matches!(
-                        cmd.as_str(),
-                        "edit.undo"
-                            | "edit.redo"
-                            | "view.outline"
-                            | "view.rulers"
-                            | "view.guides"
-                            | "view.grid"
-                            | "view.edges"
-                            | "view.artboards"
-                            | "view.boundingBox"
-                            | "view.transparencyGrid"
-                            | "window.workspace.reset"
-                    ) || cmd.starts_with("file.openRecent")
-                        || cmd.starts_with("type.recentFont")
-                        || cmd.starts_with("view.goto")
-                        || matches!(
-                            cmd.as_str(),
-                            "view.cornerWidget" | "view.textThreads" | "view.gradientAnnotator" | "effect.last" | "type.hiddenCharacters"
-                        )
-                    {
-                        i.set_text(menus::display_label(app, cmd, ""));
-                    }
-                }
-                Handle::Check(c) => {
-                    c.set_enabled(en);
-                    c.set_checked(menus::checked(app, cmd, params).unwrap_or(false));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn build(
-    app: &VectorcraftApp,
-    parent: &Submenu,
-    entries: &[Item],
-    items: &mut HashMap<String, (String, Value, Handle, String)>,
-    counter: &mut usize,
-) {
-    for e in entries {
-        match e {
-            Item::Sep => {
-                let _ = parent.append(&PredefinedMenuItem::separator());
-            }
-            Item::Header(h) => {
-                let _ = parent.append(&MenuItem::new(t(h), false, None));
-            }
-            Item::Todo(label, sc) => {
-                let _ = parent.append(&MenuItem::new(t(label), false, accel(sc)));
-            }
-            Item::Sub(label, children) => {
-                let sub = Submenu::new(t(label), true);
-                build(app, &sub, children, items, counter);
-                let _ = parent.append(&sub);
-            }
-            // Unused saved-view and recent-file slots are left out, as in the in-window menus.
-            Item::Cmd(_, cmd, _) if menus::hidden_slot(app, cmd) => {}
-            Item::Cmd(label, cmd, params) => {
-                *counter += 1;
-                let id = format!("dc{counter}");
-                let sc = if params.is_null() { menus::shortcut_of(cmd).and_then(accel) } else { None };
-                let handle = if menus::checked(app, cmd, params).is_some() {
-                    let c = CheckMenuItem::with_id(id.clone(), menus::display_label(app, cmd, label), true, false, sc);
-                    let _ = parent.append(&c);
-                    Handle::Check(c)
-                } else {
-                    let i = MenuItem::with_id(id.clone(), menus::display_label(app, cmd, label), true, sc);
-                    let _ = parent.append(&i);
-                    Handle::Plain(i)
-                };
-                let (run, run_params) = menus::click_target(label, cmd, params);
-                let _ = &run_params;
-                items.insert(id, (run, run_params, handle, cmd.to_string()));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}

apps/vectorcraft/src/open_documents.rs

@@ -78,7 +78,8 @@ fn add_open_urls_method() {
 
 /// Queue the files among `urls` and wake the UI. Never panics: it runs inside AppKit.
 extern "C-unwind" fn open_urls(_delegate: &AnyObject, _cmd: Sel, _app: &AnyObject, urls: &NSArray<NSURL>) {
-    let paths = urls.iter().filter_map(|u| u.to_file_path()).map(|p| p.to_string_lossy().into_owned());
+    // Only file URLs: macOS 27 turns an https URL's path into a file path too (#433).
+    let paths = urls.iter().filter(|u| u.isFileURL()).filter_map(|u| u.to_file_path()).map(|p| p.to_string_lossy().into_owned());
     PENDING.lock().unwrap_or_else(PoisonError::into_inner).extend(paths);
     if let Some(ctx) = UI.get() {
         ctx.request_repaint();

contributors/people.toml

@@ -21,3 +21,7 @@
 real_name = "Brandon Thomas"
 display_name = "Brandon Thomas"
 sync_github_name = false
+
+[people.callmeBalloch]
+real_name = "Riccardo Balloch"
+sync_github_name = false

crates/engine/src/cmd/create.rs

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             "Create Text",
             [],
             None,
-            "{x, y, text, vertical?: bool = false, size?: pt, font?: family, style?, color?, area?: {width, height}, placeholder?: bool (fill it with placeholder text instead, as the Type tools do with prefs placeholderText)} → {id}",
+            "{x, y, text, vertical?: bool = false, size?: pt, font?: family, style?, color?, area?: {width, height}, placeholder?: bool (fill it with placeholder text instead, as the Type tools do with prefs placeholderText), leadingModel?: \"romanBaseline\"|\"emBoxTop\", charAlign?: \"romanBaseline\"|\"emBoxTop\"|\"emBoxCenter\"|\"emBoxBottom\" (default: emBoxTop and emBoxCenter while the interface is in Japanese, else romanBaseline)} → {id}",
             has_doc,
             text_create
         ),
@@ -410,6 +410,7 @@ fn text_create(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     let mut t = TextObject::point(Point::new(x, y), text, new_type_style(s, p));
     t.vertical = p.get("vertical").and_then(Value::as_bool).unwrap_or(false);
     t.para = new_type_para();
+    new_type_alignment(s, p, "text.create", &mut t)?;
     if let Some(a) = p.get("area") {
         let w = f64_or(a, "width", 200.0);
         let h = f64_or(a, "height", 100.0);
@@ -436,6 +437,40 @@ pub(crate) fn new_type_para() -> vectorcraft_doc::ParaStyle {
     }
 }
 
+/// The leading model and character alignment new type starts with (`t`'s paragraph and runs):
+/// `leadingModel` and `charAlign` from `p`, else em box top to top and em box centre while the
+/// interface is in Japanese (#432), else the Roman baseline for both. Noted in the journal, so a
+/// replay sets the same whatever the interface.
+pub(crate) fn new_type_alignment(s: &mut Session, p: &Value, cmd: &str, t: &mut TextObject) -> Result<()> {
+    use vectorcraft_doc::{CharAlign, LeadingModel};
+    let japanese = s.japanese_interface();
+    let leading = match p.get("leadingModel").filter(|v| !v.is_null()) {
+        Some(v) => match v.as_str() {
+            Some("romanBaseline") => LeadingModel::RomanBaseline,
+            Some("emBoxTop") => LeadingModel::EmBoxTop,
+            _ => return Err(bad(cmd, "`leadingModel` must be \"romanBaseline\" or \"emBoxTop\"")),
+        },
+        None => {
+            let l = if japanese { LeadingModel::EmBoxTop } else { LeadingModel::RomanBaseline };
+            s.note_journal("leadingModel", json!(l));
+            l
+        }
+    };
+    let align = match super::textedit::char_align_param(p, cmd)? {
+        Some(a) => a,
+        None => {
+            let a = if japanese { CharAlign::EmBoxCenter } else { CharAlign::RomanBaseline };
+            s.note_journal("charAlign", json!(a));
+            a
+        }
+    };
+    t.para.leading_model = leading;
+    for r in &mut t.runs {
+        r.style.char_align = align;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 /// The character style new type gets: `size`, `font`, `style` and `color` from `p`, else the
 /// defaults, filled with the current fill unless that is None or white (black then).
 pub(crate) fn new_type_style(s: &Session, p: &Value) -> CharStyle {

crates/engine/src/cmd/textedit.rs

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ pub fn specs() -> Vec<CommandSpec> {
             "Area / Path Type",
             [],
             None,
-            "{path: id, mode: \"area\"|\"onPath\", text?: \"\", vertical?: bool = false, at?: [x, y] (on-path start: nearest point), size?, font?, placeholder?: bool (placeholder text instead, as text.create)} turn a path into an area-type frame or a type-on-a-path baseline (the path's paint is dropped) → {id}",
+            "{path: id, mode: \"area\"|\"onPath\", text?: \"\", vertical?: bool = false, at?: [x, y] (on-path start: nearest point), size?, font?, placeholder?: bool (placeholder text instead, as text.create), leadingModel?, charAlign? (as text.create)} turn a path into an area-type frame or a type-on-a-path baseline (the path's paint is dropped) → {id}",
             has_doc,
             create_in_path
         ),
@@ -471,6 +471,7 @@ fn create_in_path(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
         cached_bounds: None,
         cached_baselines: Vec::new(),
     };
+    super::create::new_type_alignment(s, p, C, &mut t)?;
     if bool_or(p, "placeholder", false) {
         super::typemenu::fill_with_placeholder(&mut t);
     } else {

crates/engine/src/cmd/textstyles.rs

@@ -261,6 +261,26 @@ fn attrs_param(p: &Value, kind: Kind, verb: &str) -> Result<Option<Map<String, V
     }
 }
 
+/// The attributes of a new style made from nothing (no `attrs`, no text selected): while the
+/// interface is in Japanese, new type's em box top-to-top leading (paragraph styles) and em box
+/// centre alignment (character styles); else none (the defaults).
+fn new_style_attrs(s: &Session, kind: Kind) -> Map<String, Value> {
+    if !s.japanese_interface() {
+        return Map::new();
+    }
+    let (set, default) = match kind {
+        Kind::Char => {
+            let st = CharStyle { char_align: vectorcraft_doc::CharAlign::EmBoxCenter, ..CharStyle::default() };
+            (to_attrs(&st), to_attrs(&CharStyle::default()))
+        }
+        Kind::Para => {
+            let st = ParaStyle { leading_model: vectorcraft_doc::LeadingModel::EmBoxTop, ..ParaStyle::default() };
+            (to_attrs(&st), to_attrs(&ParaStyle::default()))
+        }
+    };
+    set.into_iter().filter(|(k, v)| default.get(k) != Some(v)).collect()
+}
+
 // ---------- commands ----------
 
 fn list(s: &mut Session, kind: Kind) -> Result<Value> {
@@ -275,7 +295,14 @@ fn new(s: &mut Session, p: &Value, kind: Kind) -> Result<Value> {
     let c = kind.cmd("new");
     let attrs = match attrs_param(p, kind, "new")? {
         Some(a) => a,
-        None => selection_attrs(s, p, kind)?.unwrap_or_default(),
+        None => match selection_attrs(s, p, kind)? {
+            Some(a) => a,
+            None => {
+                let a = new_style_attrs(s, kind);
+                s.note_journal("attrs", Value::Object(a.clone()));
+                a
+            }
+        },
     };
     let d = &s.doc()?.doc;
     let base = if kind == Kind::Char { "Character Style" } else { "Paragraph Style" };

crates/engine/src/cmd/typecmd.rs

@@ -444,6 +444,73 @@ mod area_tests {
         assert_eq!(old.burasagari, Burasagari::None);
     }
 
+    /// #432: while the interface is in Japanese, new type (text.create, text.createInPath) starts
+    /// with em box top-to-top leading and em box centre alignment, and new styles made from nothing
+    /// carry them; params override; the values are journaled; imported text keeps the Roman
+    /// baseline.
+    #[test]
+    fn new_type_takes_the_japanese_defaults_while_the_interface_is_japanese() {
+        use vectorcraft_doc::{CharAlign, LeadingModel};
+        let mut s = Session::new();
+        s.execute("file.new", &json!({"width": 400, "height": 400})).unwrap();
+        let made = |s: &mut Session, cmd: &str, p: Value| -> (LeadingModel, CharAlign) {
+            let id = s.execute(cmd, &p).unwrap()["id"].as_u64().unwrap();
+            match &s.doc().unwrap().doc.node(NodeId(id)).unwrap().kind {
+                NodeKind::Text(t) => (t.para.leading_model, t.runs[0].style.char_align),
+                _ => panic!("text"),
+            }
+        };
+        let roman = (LeadingModel::RomanBaseline, CharAlign::RomanBaseline);
+        let japanese = (LeadingModel::EmBoxTop, CharAlign::EmBoxCenter);
+        let point = json!({"x": 10, "y": 50, "text": "雅楽"});
+        assert!(!s.japanese_interface());
+        assert_eq!(made(&mut s, "text.create", point.clone()), roman, "headless, `auto`: the Roman defaults");
+        s.ui_language = Some("ja".into());
+        assert_eq!(made(&mut s, "text.create", point.clone()), japanese);
+        assert_eq!(made(&mut s, "text.create", json!({"x": 10, "y": 90, "text": "笙", "area": {"width": 100, "height": 50}})), japanese);
+        // Journaled: a replay in another language does the same.
+        let (_, logged) = s.journal.last().unwrap().clone();
+        assert_eq!((logged["leadingModel"].as_str(), logged["charAlign"].as_str()), (Some("emBoxTop"), Some("emBoxCenter")));
+        // Params override.
+        assert_eq!(
+            made(&mut s, "text.create", json!({"x": 10, "y": 120, "text": "a", "leadingModel": "romanBaseline", "charAlign": "romanBaseline"})),
+            roman
+        );
+        assert!(s.execute("text.create", &json!({"x": 0, "y": 0, "text": "a", "leadingModel": "middle"})).is_err());
+        // Area type in a path.
+        let path = s.execute("shape.rectangle", &json!({"x": 200, "y": 200, "width": 100, "height": 80})).unwrap()["id"].clone();
+        assert_eq!(made(&mut s, "text.createInPath", json!({"path": path, "mode": "area", "text": "篳篥"})), japanese);
+        // A preference set to Japanese counts without a UI; another language doesn't.
+        s.ui_language = None;
+        s.prefs.interface_language = "ja".into();
+        assert_eq!(made(&mut s, "text.create", point.clone()), japanese);
+        s.ui_language = Some("en".into());
+        assert_eq!(made(&mut s, "text.create", point.clone()), roman);
+        // New styles made from nothing.
+        s.execute("select.set", &json!({"ids": []})).unwrap();
+        s.ui_language = Some("ja".into());
+        let style = |s: &mut Session, kind: &str| {
+            let name = s.execute(&format!("{kind}.new"), &json!({})).unwrap()["name"].as_str().unwrap().to_string();
+            let list = s.execute(&format!("{kind}.list"), &json!({})).unwrap();
+            list["styles"].as_array().unwrap().iter().find(|st| st["name"] == name.as_str()).unwrap()["attrs"].clone()
+        };
+        assert_eq!(style(&mut s, "paraStyle"), json!({"leading_model": "emBoxTop"}));
+        assert_eq!(style(&mut s, "charStyle"), json!({"charAlign": "emBoxCenter"}));
+        s.ui_language = Some("en".into());
+        assert_eq!(style(&mut s, "paraStyle"), json!({}));
+        // Imported text keeps the Roman baseline.
+        s.ui_language = Some("ja".into());
+        let svg = r#"<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="200" height="100"><text x="10" y="50">雅楽</text></svg>"#;
+        s.execute("document.open", &json!({"name": "t.svg", "dataBase64": vectorcraft_format::base64_encode(svg.as_bytes())})).unwrap();
+        let mut found = vec![];
+        s.doc().unwrap().doc.walk(|n| {
+            if let NodeKind::Text(t) = &n.kind {
+                found.push((t.para.leading_model, t.runs[0].style.char_align));
+            }
+        });
+        assert_eq!(found, [roman]);
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn leading_model_is_set_per_paragraph_and_saved_only_when_top_to_top() {
         use vectorcraft_doc::LeadingModel;

crates/engine/src/lib.rs

@@ -634,7 +634,7 @@ impl Default for Prefs {
             object_highlighting: true,
             transform_tools_guides: true,
             construction_guides: true,
-            construction_angles: s("90° & 45° Angles"),
+            construction_angles: s(vectorcraft_tools::guides::DEFAULT_CONSTRUCTION_ANGLES),
             anchor_path_labels: true,
             measurement_labels: true,
             spacing_guides: true,
@@ -763,6 +763,10 @@ pub struct Session {
     pub style_libraries: cmd::stylelib::Libraries,
     /// URLs recently given in the Attributes panel (`attributes.set {url}`), newest first; not saved.
     pub recent_urls: Vec<String>,
+    /// The language the UI is drawn in (a language code, never `auto`), set by the UI each frame;
+    /// `None` without one (headless), where an explicit `interfaceLanguage` preference counts.
+    /// Japanese gives new type the Japanese defaults ([`Session::japanese_interface`]).
+    pub ui_language: Option<String>,
     /// Parameters the running top-level command resolved from the preferences or the clock, added
     /// to its journal entry so a replay does the same ([`Session::note_journal`]).
     journal_note: serde_json::Map<String, Value>,
@@ -825,6 +829,7 @@ impl Session {
             freeform_point: None,
             style_libraries: Default::default(),
             recent_urls: vec![],
+            ui_language: None,
             journal_note: Default::default(),
             note_depth: 1,
             batch_stash: None,
@@ -996,6 +1001,12 @@ impl Session {
         Ok(r)
     }
 
+    /// Is the interface in Japanese? Then new type starts with em box top-to-top leading and em
+    /// box centre character alignment (#432).
+    pub fn japanese_interface(&self) -> bool {
+        self.ui_language.as_deref().unwrap_or(&self.prefs.interface_language).eq_ignore_ascii_case("ja")
+    }
+
     /// Record `key: value` in the running top-level command's journal entry (or its interaction's
     /// preview, or its step in a batch) unless its params give `key`: a value it resolved from the
     /// preferences or the clock.
@@ -1477,6 +1488,8 @@ mod tests_scalestrokes;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests_slices;
 #[cfg(test)]
+mod tests_smartguides;
+#[cfg(test)]
 mod tests_strokegeom;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests_strokegradient;

crates/engine/src/tests_smartguides.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+//! Smart Guides for the drawing tools, driven through the session (#506): where the Rectangle
+//! tool's corners and the Pen's anchors land, and the guides they show.
+
+use serde_json::json;
+use vectorcraft_doc::NodeId;
+use vectorcraft_geom::{Point, Rect};
+use vectorcraft_tools::{Mods, Overlay, PointerEvent, PointerKind};
+
+use super::*;
+use crate::tooling::ViewInfo;
+
+/// An 800 × 600 document with a 100 × 100 square at (100, 100), nothing selected.
+fn session() -> Session {
+    let mut s = Session::new();
+    s.execute("file.new", &json!({"width": 800, "height": 600})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("shape.rectangle", &json!({"x": 100, "y": 100, "width": 100, "height": 100})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("select.none", &json!({})).unwrap();
+    s
+}
+
+fn pointer(s: &mut Session, kind: PointerKind, x: f64, y: f64) {
+    s.pointer(&PointerEvent::new(kind, x, y), ViewInfo::default()).unwrap();
+}
+
+fn labels(s: &mut Session) -> Vec<(String, Point)> {
+    s.overlays(ViewInfo::default()).into_iter().filter_map(|o| if let Overlay::Label { text, p, .. } = o { Some((text, p)) } else { None }).collect()
+}
+
+/// The bounds of the object the last gesture made (it is selected).
+fn made(s: &Session) -> Rect {
+    let d = s.doc().unwrap();
+    let id: NodeId = d.selection.objects[0];
+    d.doc.node(id).unwrap().geometric_bounds().unwrap()
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_rectangle_corner_lands_on_another_objects_anchor() {
+    let mut s = session();
+    s.select_tool("rectangle", ViewInfo::default()).unwrap();
+    // Hovering near the square's corner already says where the press goes.
+    pointer(&mut s, PointerKind::Move, 302.0, 297.0);
+    pointer(&mut s, PointerKind::Move, 202.0, 203.0);
+    assert_eq!(labels(&mut s), [("anchor".to_string(), Point::new(200.0, 200.0))]);
+    pointer(&mut s, PointerKind::Down, 302.0, 297.0);
+    pointer(&mut s, PointerKind::Drag, 250.0, 250.0);
+    pointer(&mut s, PointerKind::Drag, 202.0, 203.0);
+    assert_eq!(labels(&mut s), [("anchor".to_string(), Point::new(200.0, 200.0))]);
+    let measure = s.overlays(ViewInfo::default()).into_iter().find_map(|o| if let Overlay::Measure { text, .. } = o { Some(text) } else { None });
+    assert!(measure.as_deref().is_some_and(|t| t.starts_with("W: 102") && t.contains("H: 100")), "{measure:?}");
+    pointer(&mut s, PointerKind::Up, 202.0, 203.0);
+    // The start lined up with the artboard's centre (y = 300), the corner on the anchor.
+    assert_eq!(made(&s), Rect::new(200.0, 200.0, 302.0, 300.0));
+}
+
+/// The corner being dragged never snaps to the rectangle's own preview: dragged slowly, it follows
+/// the pointer instead of sticking where the last step left it.
+#[test]
+fn a_rectangle_does_not_snap_to_itself_while_drawn() {
+    let mut s = session();
+    s.select_tool("rectangle", ViewInfo::default()).unwrap();
+    pointer(&mut s, PointerKind::Down, 320.0, 420.0);
+    for x in 370..=380 {
+        pointer(&mut s, PointerKind::Drag, f64::from(x), 470.0 + f64::from(x - 370));
+    }
+    pointer(&mut s, PointerKind::Up, 380.0, 480.0);
+    assert_eq!(made(&s), Rect::new(320.0, 420.0, 380.0, 480.0));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_pen_anchor_lines_up_with_another_objects_centre() {
+    let mut s = session();
+    s.select_tool("pen", ViewInfo::default()).unwrap();
+    pointer(&mut s, PointerKind::Down, 300.0, 420.0);
+    pointer(&mut s, PointerKind::Up, 300.0, 420.0);
+    // Hovering: in line with the square's centre (150, 150), the guide running from it.
+    pointer(&mut s, PointerKind::Move, 151.5, 431.0);
+    let ov = s.overlays(ViewInfo::default());
+    assert!(ov.iter().any(|o| matches!(o, Overlay::Line { a, b, .. } if *a == Point::new(150.0, 150.0) && *b == Point::new(150.0, 431.0))), "{ov:?}");
+    assert_eq!(labels(&mut s), [("align".to_string(), Point::new(150.0, 431.0))]);
+    pointer(&mut s, PointerKind::Down, 151.5, 431.0);
+    pointer(&mut s, PointerKind::Up, 151.5, 431.0);
+    // Shift: along the 45° step from it, slid into line with the square's left side (x = 100).
+    s.pointer(&PointerEvent::new(PointerKind::Down, 103.0, 386.0).with_mods(Mods { shift: true, ..Mods::default() }), ViewInfo::default()).unwrap();
+    pointer(&mut s, PointerKind::Up, 103.0, 386.0);
+    let d = s.doc().unwrap();
+    let path = d.doc.node(d.selection.objects[0]).unwrap().path_data().unwrap();
+    let pts: Vec<Point> = path.subpaths[0].anchors.iter().map(|a| a.p).collect();
+    assert_eq!(pts[..2], [Point::new(300.0, 420.0), Point::new(150.0, 431.0)]);
+    assert!((pts[2] - Point::new(100.0, 381.0)).hypot() < 1e-9, "{pts:?}");
+}
+
+/// Preferences › Smart Guides › Construction Guides: on (the default), a Pen anchor near the
+/// 45° guide through the last one lands on it; off, it stays where it was clicked.
+#[test]
+fn construction_guides_follow_the_preference() {
+    for on in [true, false] {
+        let mut s = session();
+        s.execute("prefs.set", &json!({"key": "constructionGuides", "value": on})).unwrap();
+        s.select_tool("pen", ViewInfo::default()).unwrap();
+        pointer(&mut s, PointerKind::Down, 500.0, 500.0);
+        pointer(&mut s, PointerKind::Up, 500.0, 500.0);
+        pointer(&mut s, PointerKind::Down, 561.0, 438.0);
+        pointer(&mut s, PointerKind::Up, 561.0, 438.0);
+        let d = s.doc().unwrap();
+        let last = d.doc.node(d.selection.objects[0]).unwrap().path_data().unwrap().subpaths[0].anchors[1].p;
+        let want = if on { Point::new(561.5, 438.5) } else { Point::new(561.0, 438.0) };
+        assert!((last - want).hypot() < 1e-9, "{on}: {last:?}");
+    }
+}

crates/engine/src/tooling.rs

@@ -178,6 +178,7 @@ impl Session {
         let (unit, stroke_unit) = (self.general_unit(), self.stroke_unit());
         let cx = ToolContext {
             doc: &st.doc,
+            revision: (st.uid, st.revision),
             selection: &st.selection,
             zoom: view.zoom,
             isolation: st.isolation,
@@ -222,6 +223,11 @@ impl Session {
             measurement_labels: self.prefs.measurement_labels,
             transform_tools_guides: self.prefs.transform_tools_guides,
             snapping_tolerance: self.prefs.snapping_tolerance,
+            construction_angles: if self.prefs.construction_guides {
+                vectorcraft_tools::guides::construction_angles(&self.prefs.construction_angles)
+            } else {
+                &[]
+            },
             screen: view.screen,
             plane_widget: self.prefs.perspective_widget.show.then_some(self.prefs.perspective_widget.position),
         };

crates/engine/tests/import_fuzz.rs

@@ -878,7 +878,8 @@ proptest! {
     }
 
     /// Hostile PostScript programs: operators in any order with any operands, opened and placed;
-    /// as Illustrator's too, its groups (`u` … `U`) unbalanced, deep and among clips.
+    /// as files in the legacy Illustrator format too (the creator line is what turns on its
+    /// documented `u` … `U` groups), the groups unbalanced, deep and among clips.
     #[test]
     fn eps_hostile_programs_never_panic(tokens in prop::collection::vec(arb_ps_token(), 0..60), illustrator in any::<bool>()) {
         let head = if illustrator { "%%Creator: Adobe Illustrator(R) 8.0\n%%EndComments\n/u {} def /U {} def" } else { "%%EndComments" };
@@ -952,7 +953,13 @@ fn arb_ps_token() -> impl Strategy<Value = String> {
             "/T3 << /FontType 3 /FontMatrix [0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0] /FontBBox [0 0 9 9] /Encoding [/a /b] /BuildChar { pop pop 9 0 setcharwidth 0 0 5 5 rectfill } >> definefont setfont",
             "/T4 << /FontType 3 /FontMatrix [1 0 0 1 0 0] /BuildGlyph { pop pop (x) show } /Encoding [/a] >> definefont setfont",
             "glyphshow", "xshow", "xyshow", "awidthshow", "kshow", "/a", "[1 2 3]",
-            // Executable strings and integer keys (Illustrator 8's procsets).
+            // Several data sources reading one file in turn, and sources of uneven lengths.
+            "/f currentfile /ASCIIHexDecode filter def", "{f 3 string readstring pop}", "{f 0 string readstring pop}", "true 3 colorimage",
+            "3 2 8 [3 0 0 2 0 0] {f 5 string readstring pop} {(ab)} {f 1 string readstring pop} true 3 colorimage",
+            "<< /ImageType 1 /Width 3 /Height 2 /BitsPerComponent 4 /Decode [0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1] /ImageMatrix [3 0 0 2 0 0] /MultipleDataSources true /DataSource [(a) (bc) {f 2 string readstring pop} (d)] >>",
+            // Local VM restored: dictionary changes undone, saves restored twice.
+            "/a 1 def save /a 2 def", "restore", "save dup restore", "1 dict save exch /k 1 put", "cachestatus", "/n 0 def save /n n 1 add store",
+            // Executable strings and keys other than names (PLRM 3rd ed., `cvx`, `load`).
             "(>>) cvx", "(1 2 add) cvx exec", "(x) cvx dup exec", "0 load", "1 { } def", "(mark) cvx cvlit"
         ])
         .prop_map(str::to_string),

crates/eps/src/import/data.rs

@@ -635,33 +635,51 @@ impl Interp<'_> {
 
     /// The bytes a data procedure gives, called until it gives an empty string or `n` bytes.
     fn gather(&mut self, p: &Obj, n: usize) -> Res<Vec<u8>> {
-        let mut out = vec![];
-        while out.len() < n {
-            self.call(p.clone())?;
-            let s = self.pop_str()?;
-            let s = s.borrow();
-            if s.is_empty() {
-                break;
-            }
-            self.alloc(s.len())?;
-            out.extend_from_slice(&s);
-        }
-        out.truncate(n);
-        Ok(out)
+        Ok(self.read_sources(&[Source::Proc(p.clone())], n, n)?.pop().unwrap_or_default())
     }
 
     /// `n` bytes of image data from `src` (zeros past its end).
     fn source_bytes(&mut self, src: &Source, n: usize) -> Res<Vec<u8>> {
-        let mut v = match src {
-            Source::File(f) => self.read(f, n)?,
-            Source::Str(s) if !s.is_empty() => s.iter().copied().cycle().take(n).collect(),
-            Source::Str(_) => vec![],
-            Source::Proc(p) => self.gather(p, n)?,
-        };
+        let mut v = self.read_sources(std::slice::from_ref(src), n, n)?.pop().unwrap_or_default();
         v.resize(n, 0);
         Ok(v)
     }
 
+    /// Up to `n` bytes from each of `sources`, read in turn as an image reads several data sources
+    /// (PLRM 3rd ed., §4.10 "Images" and `image`/`colorimage` in chapter 8: the sources are read
+    /// in turn, the same amount from each): each procedure called once a round (its string,
+    /// whatever its length), each file and string giving `step` bytes a round, until each has
+    /// given `n` bytes or ended. Procedures that read one file get their own rows that way.
+    fn read_sources(&mut self, sources: &[Source], n: usize, step: usize) -> Res<Vec<Vec<u8>>> {
+        let mut out: Vec<Vec<u8>> = vec![vec![]; sources.len()];
+        let mut ended = vec![false; sources.len()];
+        while out.iter().zip(&ended).any(|(o, e)| o.len() < n && !e) {
+            for ((src, o), e) in sources.iter().zip(out.iter_mut()).zip(ended.iter_mut()) {
+                if *e || o.len() >= n {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                let want = step.min(n - o.len());
+                let chunk = match src {
+                    Source::File(f) => self.read(f, want)?,
+                    // A string gives its bytes over and over.
+                    Source::Str(s) => {
+                        let at = o.len() % s.len().max(1);
+                        s.get(at..).unwrap_or_default().iter().chain(s.iter().cycle()).take(want).copied().collect()
+                    }
+                    Source::Proc(p) => {
+                        self.call(p.clone())?;
+                        let s = self.pop_str()?.to_vec();
+                        self.alloc(s.len())?;
+                        s
+                    }
+                };
+                *e = chunk.is_empty();
+                o.extend_from_slice(chunk.get(..chunk.len().min(n - o.len())).unwrap_or_default());
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(out)
+    }
+
     /// `eexec`: an encrypted font program follows. It is skipped (type is drawn in the app's
     /// fonts, by name): the font dictionary it would complete is defined as it is.
     fn eexec(&mut self) -> Res {
@@ -743,7 +761,7 @@ impl Interp<'_> {
         let Some(mut img) = self.decode_image(image)? else { return Ok(None) };
         let Some(m) = self.decode_image(stencil)? else { return Ok(Some(img)) };
         let (w, h, mw, mh) = (img.w as usize, img.h as usize, m.w as usize, m.h as usize);
-        for (i, px) in img.rgba.chunks_exact_mut(4).enumerate() {
+        for (i, px) in img.rgba.as_chunks_mut::<4>().0.iter_mut().enumerate() {
             let (x, y) = (i % w, i / w);
             // The mask's pixel over this one (in 64 bits: rows times rows overflow 32).
             let at = (y as u64 * mh as u64 / h.max(1) as u64) * mw as u64 + x as u64 * mw as u64 / w.max(1) as u64;
@@ -849,16 +867,12 @@ impl Interp<'_> {
         let multi = s.sources.len() > 1;
         let row_bits = if multi { s.w * bpc } else { s.w * n * bpc };
         let row = row_bits.div_ceil(8);
-        let planes: Vec<Vec<u8>> = if multi {
-            let mut v = vec![];
-            for src in &s.sources {
-                v.push(self.source_bytes(src, row * s.h)?);
-            }
-            v
-        } else {
-            let src = s.sources.first().ok_or(PsError::Ps("undefined", "DataSource".into()))?;
-            vec![self.source_bytes(src, row * s.h)?]
-        };
+        // Several sources are read in turn, a row at a time each (zeros past their ends).
+        let sources = if multi { &s.sources[..] } else { s.sources.get(..1).ok_or(PsError::Ps("undefined", "DataSource".into()))? };
+        let mut planes = self.read_sources(sources, row * s.h, if multi { row } else { row * s.h })?;
+        for p in &mut planes {
+            p.resize(row * s.h, 0);
+        }
         let max = ((1u32 << bpc.min(16)) - 1) as f64;
         let sample = |plane: &[u8], y: usize, i: usize| -> u32 {
             let bit = y * row * 8 + i * bpc;

crates/eps/src/import/interp.rs

@@ -49,6 +49,12 @@ pub(crate) struct Interp<'a> {
     /// Bytes asked for so far (see [`MAX_MEMORY`]).
     allocated: usize,
     seed: u32,
+    /// The `save`s not restored yet, oldest first.
+    saves: Vec<SaveMark>,
+    /// What dictionary entries were before they changed since the oldest `save` (dictionary,
+    /// key, old value): `restore` puts them back, as restoring local VM does (PLRM 3rd ed.,
+    /// §3.7.3 "Save and Restore": composite objects get the values they had at the `save`).
+    journal: Vec<(DictRef, Key, Option<Obj>)>,
     /// Where the error that is unwinding was raised (see [`Fault`]).
     pub fault: Option<Fault>,
     /// The width a Type 3 glyph procedure gave (`setcachedevice`, `setcharwidth`).
@@ -56,8 +62,8 @@ pub(crate) struct Interp<'a> {
     pub g: GState,
     pub saved: Vec<GState>,
     pub out: Out,
-    /// The program is an Illustrator file's: its `u` … `U` (written at the top level, whatever
-    /// its prolog defines them as) are groups.
+    /// The program is in the legacy Illustrator format: its group operators `u` … `U` (at the top
+    /// level, whatever its prolog defines them as) are groups (see the module docs of `import`).
     pub illustrator: bool,
 }
 
@@ -72,6 +78,13 @@ pub(crate) struct Fault {
 /// Most procedure names a [`Fault`] keeps.
 const FAULT_PROCS: usize = 3;
 
+/// Where a `save` was made: the graphics states saved and the journal's length then.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+struct SaveMark {
+    gstates: usize,
+    journal: usize,
+}
+
 fn new_dict() -> DictRef {
     Rc::new(RefCell::new(Dict::new()))
 }
@@ -143,6 +156,8 @@ impl<'a> Interp<'a> {
             ops: 0,
             allocated: 0,
             seed: 1,
+            saves: vec![],
+            journal: vec![],
             fault: None,
             glyph_width: None,
             g,
@@ -157,7 +172,7 @@ impl<'a> Interp<'a> {
         loop {
             let Some(o) = self.lex.next()? else { return Ok(()) };
             let o = self.scanned(o, self.lex.immediate)?;
-            // An Illustrator group begins before its `u` runs (`Some(true)`) and ends after its `U`
+            // A group begins before its `u` runs (`Some(true)`) and ends after its `U`
             // has (`Some(false)`).
             let group = match &o {
                 Obj::Exec(name) if self.illustrator => match &**name {
@@ -190,6 +205,7 @@ impl<'a> Interp<'a> {
         }
         self.dicts.clear();
         self.stack.clear();
+        self.journal.clear();
     }
 
     // ---------- the operand stack ----------
@@ -879,7 +895,7 @@ impl<'a> Interp<'a> {
                     }
                     Obj::Dict(d) => {
                         let key = k.key().ok_or(PsError::Ps("typecheck", String::new()))?;
-                        insert(&d, key, v)?;
+                        self.insert(&d, key, Some(v))?;
                         true
                     }
                     _ => return ps_err("typecheck", ""),
@@ -968,7 +984,7 @@ impl<'a> Interp<'a> {
                 let v = self.pop()?;
                 let k = self.pop()?.key().ok_or(PsError::Ps("typecheck", String::new()))?;
                 let d = self.dicts.last().cloned().ok_or(PsError::Ps("dictstackunderflow", String::new()))?;
-                insert(&d, k, v)?;
+                self.insert(&d, k, Some(v))?;
             }
             Load => {
                 let k = self.pop()?;
@@ -981,7 +997,7 @@ impl<'a> Interp<'a> {
                 let k = self.pop()?.key().ok_or(PsError::Ps("typecheck", String::new()))?;
                 let d = self.dicts.iter().rev().find(|d| d.borrow().contains_key(&k)).or(self.dicts.last()).cloned();
                 let d = d.ok_or(PsError::Ps("dictstackunderflow", String::new()))?;
-                insert(&d, k, v)?;
+                self.insert(&d, k, Some(v))?;
             }
             Known => {
                 let k = self.pop()?.key().ok_or(PsError::Ps("typecheck", String::new()))?;
@@ -1001,7 +1017,8 @@ impl<'a> Interp<'a> {
             }
             Undef => {
                 let k = self.pop()?.key().ok_or(PsError::Ps("typecheck", String::new()))?;
-                self.pop_dict()?.borrow_mut().remove(&k);
+                let d = self.pop_dict()?;
+                self.insert(&d, k, None)?;
             }
             CurrentDict => {
                 let d = self.dicts.last().cloned().ok_or(PsError::Ps("dictstackunderflow", String::new()))?;
@@ -1034,11 +1051,24 @@ impl<'a> Interp<'a> {
             }
             Save => {
                 self.gsave()?;
-                self.push(Obj::Save(self.saved.len()))?;
+                self.push(Obj::Save(self.saves.len()))?;
+                self.saves.push(SaveMark { gstates: self.saved.len(), journal: self.journal.len() });
             }
             Restore => {
-                let Obj::Save(level) = self.pop()? else { return ps_err("typecheck", "") };
-                while self.saved.len() >= level && !self.saved.is_empty() {
+                let Obj::Save(i) = self.pop()? else { return ps_err("typecheck", "") };
+                // A save restored already (or through an outer one) is no longer valid: §3.7.3,
+                // `invalidrestore`.
+                let mark = self.saves.get(i).copied().ok_or(PsError::Ps("invalidrestore", String::new()))?;
+                self.saves.truncate(i);
+                // The dictionaries as they were at the save, newest change undone first.
+                for (d, k, old) in self.journal.drain(mark.journal..).rev() {
+                    let mut d = d.borrow_mut();
+                    match old {
+                        Some(v) => d.insert(k, v),
+                        None => d.remove(&k),
+                    };
+                }
+                while self.saved.len() >= mark.gstates && !self.saved.is_empty() {
                     self.grestore();
                 }
             }
@@ -1083,9 +1113,12 @@ impl<'a> Interp<'a> {
                     self.push(Obj::Int(1 << 20))?;
                 }
             }
+            // An empty font cache of a device's sizes, in `cachestatus`'s order (PLRM 3rd ed.,
+            // chapter 8): bytes used and most, fonts used and most, glyphs used and most, and the
+            // most bytes one cached glyph may take (positive on a real device: programs divide by it).
             CacheStatus => {
-                for _ in 0..7 {
-                    self.push(Obj::Int(0))?;
+                for v in [0, 1 << 20, 0, 1000, 0, 10_000, 25_000] {
+                    self.push(Obj::Int(v))?;
                 }
             }
             StartJob => {
@@ -1143,7 +1176,9 @@ impl<'a> Interp<'a> {
             }
             Obj::Dict(d) => {
                 let from = self.pop_dict()?.borrow().clone();
-                d.borrow_mut().extend(from);
+                for (k, v) in from {
+                    self.insert(&d, k, Some(v))?;
+                }
                 self.push(Obj::Dict(d))?;
             }
             _ => return ps_err("typecheck", "copy"),
@@ -1219,6 +1254,26 @@ impl<'a> Interp<'a> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Put `v` under `k` in `d` (`None`: remove it), within [`MAX_ALLOC`] entries; while a `save`
+    /// is open the old value is kept for `restore`.
+    fn insert(&mut self, d: &DictRef, k: Key, v: Option<Obj>) -> Res {
+        let old = {
+            let mut dm = d.borrow_mut();
+            if v.is_some() && dm.len() >= MAX_ALLOC && !dm.contains_key(&k) {
+                return Err(PsError::Limit("a dictionary grew too large"));
+            }
+            match v {
+                Some(v) => dm.insert(k.clone(), v),
+                None => dm.remove(&k),
+            }
+        };
+        if !self.saves.is_empty() {
+            self.alloc(2 * std::mem::size_of::<Obj>())?;
+            self.journal.push((d.clone(), k, old));
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     // ---------- resources ----------
 
     /// The resources of `category`.
@@ -1293,16 +1348,6 @@ impl<'a> Interp<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-/// Put `v` under `k` in `d`, within [`MAX_ALLOC`] entries.
-fn insert(d: &DictRef, k: Key, v: Obj) -> Res {
-    let mut d = d.borrow_mut();
-    if d.len() >= MAX_ALLOC && !d.contains_key(&k) {
-        return Err(PsError::Limit("a dictionary grew too large"));
-    }
-    d.insert(k, v);
-    Ok(())
-}
-
 /// An array or string index.
 fn index(k: &Obj) -> Res<usize> {
     match *k {

crates/eps/src/import/mod.rs

@@ -11,9 +11,11 @@
 //! - `text`: fonts by name and type as point type; Type 3 fonts' glyphs drawn by their procedures.
 //! - `preview`: the previews a file carries, for when its PostScript can't be read.
 //!
-//! Clipped art comes in as clipping groups. In an Illustrator file (Illustrator 3–8, written with
-//! the prolog that defines its operators), the groups it writes (`u` … `U`, nested) come in as
-//! groups.
+//! Clipped art comes in as clipping groups. In a file in the legacy Illustrator format (versions
+//! 3–8, with the prolog that defines its operators), the group operators `u` … `U` (nested) come in
+//! as groups. The format's published specification documents its header comments (`%AI…`,
+//! `%%Creator`) and these operators: Adobe Illustrator File Format Specification, version 7.0
+//! (1998), listed by PRONOM at https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/PRONOM/fmt/423.
 //!
 //! The page is the file's `%%BoundingBox` (`%%HiResBoundingBox` when it has one), the first page
 //! of a PostScript file without one. A file whose program can't be read (an operator the
@@ -39,6 +41,8 @@ mod tests_fontnames;
 mod tests_generators;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests_illustrator;
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests_images;
 
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
@@ -73,7 +77,8 @@ struct Dsc {
     /// `llx lly urx ury` in PostScript's default space.
     bbox: Option<[f64; 4]>,
     pages: Option<u32>,
-    /// Written by Illustrator (or in its format): `%AI…` comments, or Illustrator the creator.
+    /// In the legacy Illustrator format: its header has `%AI…` comments or names the app as the
+    /// creator (see the module docs for the specification).
     illustrator: bool,
 }
 

crates/eps/src/import/tests_generators.rs

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ fn a85_flate(data: &[u8]) -> String {
 }
 
 /// Pixel `(x, y)` (straight RGBA) of the first image in `d`.
-fn pixel(d: &Document, x: u32, y: u32) -> [u8; 4] {
+pub(super) fn pixel(d: &Document, x: u32, y: u32) -> [u8; 4] {
     let im = all(d)
         .into_iter()
         .find_map(|n| match &n.kind {
@@ -592,105 +592,52 @@ showpage"##;
     assert!(near(bounds(&meshes[1]), Rect::new(150.0, 90.0, 190.0, 140.0)), "{:?}", bounds(&meshes[1]));
 }
 
-/// Illustrator's EPS (CS and later, through 2026): procsets that define helpers with
-/// `bdf`/`ndf`/`ddf`, probe the level and version (`{version cvr} stopped`), switch VM with
-/// `currentglobal`/`setglobal`, save and restore the whole graphics state through
-/// `currentcolorrendering`, `rootfont`, the colour transfers, half-tone and flatness, set up
-/// categories and keep fonts by VM (`gcheck`), while the art is drawn with procedures of their own.
+/// A procset written as the PostScript Language Reference (3rd ed.) describes the Level 2 and 3
+/// facilities programs probe before drawing: a resource category made from `Generic` and
+/// resources defined and found in it (§3.9), local and global VM (`currentglobal`, `setglobal`,
+/// `gcheck`, §3.7.2), `internaldict` (§8.2), a halftone dictionary (§7.4), the font cache
+/// (`cachestatus`), `rootfont` and the colour rendering dictionary (§7.1), each guarded or
+/// probed through `stopped` (§3.10), saving the state they change and drawing with procedures of
+/// their own.
 #[test]
-fn illustrator_procsets_read_as_vectors() {
+fn level_2_and_3_probes_read_as_vectors() {
     let program = r##"%%BeginProlog
-%%BeginResource: procset Adobe_AGM_Utils 1.0 0
-systemdict /setpacking known { currentpacking true setpacking } if
-userdict /Adobe_AGM_Utils 75 dict dup begin put
-/bdf { bind def } bind def
-/nd { null def } bdf
-/xdf { exch def } bdf
-/ddf { put } bdf
-/xddf { 3 -1 roll put } bdf
-/ndf { exch dup where { pop pop pop } { xdf } ifelse } def
-/gx { get exec } bdf
-/ps_level /languagelevel where { pop systemdict /languagelevel gx } { 1 } ifelse def
-/level2 ps_level 2 ge def
-/level3 ps_level 3 ge def
-/ps_version { version cvr } stopped { -1 } if def
-/set_gvm { currentglobal exch setglobal } bdf
-/reset_gvm { setglobal } bdf
-/makereadonlyarray { /packedarray where { pop packedarray } { array astore readonly } ifelse } bdf
-/GSTATE 22 dict def
-/get_gstate {
-  GSTATE begin
-  /clr_spc currentcolorspace def
-  mark currentcolor counttomark array astore /clr_comps xdf pop
-  /fnt rootfont def
-  /lw currentlinewidth def /lc currentlinecap def /lj currentlinejoin def /ml currentmiterlimit def
-  currentdash /dsh_o xdf /dsh_a xdf
-  /sa currentstrokeadjust def
-  /crd currentcolorrendering def
-  /op currentoverprint def
-  /bg currentblackgeneration cvlit def
-  /ucr currentundercolorremoval cvlit def
-  currentcolortransfer cvlit /gy_x xdf cvlit /b_x xdf cvlit /g_x xdf cvlit /r_x xdf
-  /ht currenthalftone def
-  /flt currentflat def
-  end
-} def
-/set_gstate {
-  GSTATE begin
-  clr_spc setcolorspace clr_comps aload pop setcolor
-  fnt setfont lw setlinewidth lc setlinecap lj setlinejoin ml setmiterlimit dsh_a dsh_o setdash
-  sa setstrokeadjust crd setcolorrendering op setoverprint
-  bg cvx setblackgeneration ucr cvx setundercolorremoval
-  r_x cvx g_x cvx b_x cvx gy_x cvx setcolortransfer
-  ht /HalftoneType get dup 9 eq exch 100 eq or { ht sethalftone } if
-  flt setflat
-  end
-} def
-/ct_tst { 1183615869 internaldict pop } stopped pop
-currentdict readonly pop
+/ExampleKit 40 dict def ExampleKit begin
+/defp { bind def } bind def
+% A category of our own, implemented by a copy of Generic's dictionary (§3.9.2).
+/Generic /Category findresource dup length dict copy /ExampleShapes exch /Category defineresource pop
+/Card << /W 80 /H 50 >> /ExampleShapes defineresource pop
+% VM: a dictionary made in global VM, then the VM mode put back.
+/wasglobal currentglobal def true setglobal /Shared 4 dict def wasglobal setglobal
+/vm Shared gcheck { (global) } { (local) } ifelse def
+% Probes that fail on some interpreters, inside stopped.
+/hasinternal { 1183615869 internaldict } stopped { false } { pop true } ifelse def
+/screen << /HalftoneType 1 /Frequency 85 /Angle 15 /SpotFunction { 180 mul cos exch 180 mul cos add 2 div } >> def
+/oldscreen currenthalftone def
+/rendering currentcolorrendering def
+/cache [ cachestatus ] def
+/frame { /h exch def /w exch def moveto w 0 rlineto 0 h rlineto w neg 0 rlineto closepath } defp
 end
-systemdict /setpacking known { setpacking } if
-%%EndResource
-%%BeginResource: procset Adobe_AGM_Core 2.0 0
-userdict /Adobe_AGM_Core 200 dict dup begin put
-/AGMCORE_str256 256 string def
-/AGMCORE_deviceDPI 72 0 matrix defaultmatrix dtransform dup mul exch dup mul add sqrt def
-/AGMCORE_distilling /product where { pop systemdict /setdistillerparams known product (Adobe PostScript Parser) ne and } { false } ifelse def
-/AGMCORE_producing_seps currentpagedevice /Separations 2 copy known { get } { pop pop false } ifelse def
-/AGMCORE_page_size currentpagedevice /PageSize get def
-/Generic /Category findresource dup length dict copy /Category defineresource pop
-/AGMCORE_mo { moveto } def /AGMCORE_li { lineto } def /AGMCORE_cv { curveto } def /AGMCORE_cp { closepath } def
-/AGMCORE_rgb { setrgbcolor } def /AGMCORE_cmyk { setcmykcolor } def
-/doc_setup { Adobe_AGM_Utils begin get_gstate end } def
-/page_setup { Adobe_AGM_Utils begin set_gstate end } def
-end
-%%EndResource
-%%BeginResource: procset Adobe_CoolType_Core 2.31 0
-userdict /CT_Core 20 dict dup begin put
-/GVMFonts 10 dict def /LVMFonts 10 dict def
-/VMDictPut { dup gcheck { GVMFonts } { LVMFonts } ifelse 3 1 roll put } bind def
-/copyfont { currentglobal exch dup gcheck setglobal dup length dict copy exch setglobal } bind def
-end
-%%EndResource
 %%EndProlog
 %%BeginSetup
-Adobe_AGM_Core /doc_setup get exec
-CT_Core begin /Body /Helvetica findfont copyfont VMDictPut end
+ExampleKit begin
+screen sethalftone
+/Helvetica 12 selectfont
+/face rootfont /FontName get def
 %%EndSetup
 %%Page: 1 1
-%%BeginPageSetup
-Adobe_AGM_Core /page_setup get exec
-%%EndPageSetup
-Adobe_AGM_Core begin
-/mo { AGMCORE_mo } def /li { AGMCORE_li } def /cv { AGMCORE_cv } def /cp { AGMCORE_cp } def
-0 0.94 0.94 0.12 AGMCORE_cmyk
-10 140 mo 90 140 li 90 90 li 10 90 li cp fill
-0.2 0.4 0.8 AGMCORE_rgb
-100 20 mo 150 80 180 0 190 60 cv 2 setlinewidth stroke
-0 setgray CT_Core /LVMFonts get /Body get 12 scalefont setfont 10 30 moveto (Art) show
+gsave
+0 0.94 0.94 0.12 setcmykcolor
+10 90 /Card /ExampleShapes findresource dup /W get exch /H get frame fill
+0.2 0.4 0.8 setrgbcolor 2 setlinewidth 100 20 moveto 150 80 180 0 190 60 curveto stroke
+grestore
+% Each probe answered as the reference says: draw only when it did.
+vm length 5 eq hasinternal and rendering type /dicttype eq and cache length 7 eq and face /Helvetica eq and
+{ 0 setgray 10 30 moveto (Art) show } if
+oldscreen sethalftone
 end
 showpage"##;
-    let r = open("Adobe Illustrator(R) 30.0", program);
+    let r = open("Example Generator 1.0", program);
     let d = &r.document;
     let rect = all(d).into_iter().find(|n| fill(n).and_then(Paint::color) == Some(Color::cmyk(0.0, 0.94, 0.94, 0.12))).unwrap();
     assert!(near(bounds(&rect), Rect::new(10.0, 10.0, 90.0, 60.0)), "{:?}", bounds(&rect));
@@ -950,44 +897,65 @@ fn hostile_patterns_glyphs_and_shadings_end() {
     assert_eq!(objects(&r.document).len(), 1);
 }
 
-/// Illustrator 8 EPS (what stock art often comes as, #474): its gradient procset builds shading
-/// dictionaries with `bd` … `ed`, where `ed` is an executable string (`(>>) cvx`, or a Level 1
-/// dictionary builder), and its `discard` runs procedures it `load`s by integer keys.
+/// Executable strings and keys other than names (#474): `cvx` makes a string executable, and
+/// running it runs its text (PLRM 3rd ed. §3.3.1, `cvx`, `exec`); `load` takes any key (§8.2).
+/// A program closes its shading dictionaries with an executable string (`>>` at Level 2 and up,
+/// else a dictionary built with `counttomark`), and runs procedures it keeps under integer keys
+/// through `stopped`.
 #[test]
-fn illustrator_8_gradients_and_executable_strings() {
+fn executable_strings_and_integer_keys() {
     let program = r##"%%BeginProlog
-userdict /AGM_Gradient 20 dict dup begin put
-/AGM_Gradient_private 201 dict def
-/initialize {
-  AGM_Gradient begin AGM_Gradient_private begin
-  /bd systemdict /mark get def
-  /ed /languagelevel where { pop languagelevel 2 ge } { false } ifelse
-    { (>>) } { (counttomark 2 idiv dup dict begin {def} repeat pop currentdict end) } ifelse cvx def
-  /ed1 (counttomark 2 idiv dup dict begin {def} repeat pop currentdict end) cvx def
-  end end
-} def
-userdict /discardDict 4 dict dup begin put
-0 { 0 1 0 setrgbcolor } def
-2 { 0 0 1 setrgbcolor } def
+/ShadeKit 12 dict def ShadeKit begin
+% A Level 1 way to make a dictionary of the pairs above a mark.
+/pairs (counttomark 2 idiv dict begin { counttomark 0 eq { exit } if def } loop pop currentdict end) cvx def
+/close /languagelevel where { pop languagelevel 2 ge } { false } ifelse { (>>) } { (pairs) } ifelse cvx def
+/open /mark load def
+/actions 3 dict def actions begin 0 { 0 1 0 setrgbcolor } def 1 { 1 0 0 setrgbcolor } def end
+/act { actions 1 index known { actions begin load end stopped pop } { pop } ifelse } bind def
 end
-/gt38? false def
-/discard { discardDict begin /endString exch def gt38? { 2 add } if load stopped pop end } bind def
 %%EndProlog
-initialize
-AGM_Gradient begin AGM_Gradient_private begin
-bd /ShadingType 3 /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB
-  /Function bd /FunctionType 2 /Domain [0 1] /C0 [1 1 0] /C1 [0 0.5 0] /N 1 ed
-  /Extend [true true] /Coords [50 50 0 50 50 40] ed
+ShadeKit begin
+open /ShadingType 3 /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB
+  /Function open /FunctionType 2 /Domain [0 1] /C0 [1 1 0] /C1 [0 0.5 0] /N 1 close
+  /Extend [true true] /Coords [50 50 0 50 50 40] close
 gsave 10 10 80 80 rectclip shfill grestore
-bd /Width 3 ed1 /Width get 3 eq { 0 (%AI5_EndPalette) discard 10 10 20 20 rectfill } if
-end end
+mark /Width 3 pairs /Width get 3 eq { 0 act 10 10 20 20 rectfill } if
+2 act
+end
 (x) cvx xcheck (x) cvx cvlit xcheck not and { 50 50 10 10 rectfill } if
 showpage"##;
-    let r = open("Adobe Illustrator(R) 8.0", program);
+    let r = open("Example Generator 1.0", program);
     let d = &r.document;
     let Some(Paint::Gradient(g)) = all(d).into_iter().find_map(|n| fill(&n).cloned()) else { panic!("no gradient") };
     assert_eq!(g.gradient.kind, vectorcraft_color::GradientKind::Radial);
-    // `discard` ran the procedure under key 0 (green), not the one under 2.
+    // `act` ran the procedure under key 0 (green); there is none under key 2.
     assert!(all(d).iter().any(|n| fill(n).and_then(Paint::color) == Some(Color::rgb(0.0, 1.0, 0.0))));
     assert_eq!(objects(d).len(), 3);
 }
+
+/// `restore` puts local VM back as it was at the `save` (PLRM 3rd ed., §3.7.3 "Save and
+/// Restore"): dictionaries get back the entries they had, whatever changed them. A program that
+/// keeps a count of the saves it has open in a dictionary, and refuses to go past a depth, reads
+/// to its end only if each `restore` puts the count back (part of #505: files with many images,
+/// each drawn between `save` and `restore`).
+#[test]
+fn restore_puts_dictionaries_back() {
+    let r = read(
+        "/Depth 2 dict def Depth /open 0 put \
+         /enter { save Depth /open get 1 add dup 8 gt { rangecheck } if Depth exch /open exch put } def \
+         1 1 100 { pop enter 0 0 1 1 rectfill restore } for Depth /open get 0 eq { 10 10 5 5 rectfill } if",
+    );
+    clean(&r);
+    assert_eq!(objects(&r.document).len(), 101);
+    // `def`, `store`, `put`, `undef` and dictionary `copy` are undone, newest first.
+    super::tests::check(
+        "/a 1 def /d 2 dict def d /k 1 put save /a 2 def /b 3 def d /k 2 put d /k undef 1 dict dup /z 9 put d copy pop \
+         /a 4 store restore a 1 eq /b where not and d /k get 1 eq and d /z known not and",
+    );
+    // A save restored (itself, or through an outer one) is no longer valid: `invalidrestore`.
+    super::tests::check("save dup restore { restore } stopped");
+    super::tests::check("save save exch restore { restore } stopped");
+    // `cachestatus` gives a device's cache sizes; its last, the most bytes one cached glyph may
+    // take, is positive (chapter 8), and programs divide by it.
+    super::tests::check("cachestatus 7 1 roll 6 { pop } repeat 0 gt");
+}

crates/eps/src/import/tests_illustrator.rs

@@ -20,6 +20,9 @@ fn ai(header: &str, ugroup: &str, body: &str) -> Vec<u8> {
     .into_bytes()
 }
 
+/// A legacy Illustrator format header: the reader takes `u` … `U` as groups only in files whose
+/// header says they are in that format (`%AI…` comments or the creator, which the format's
+/// published specification documents; see the `import` module docs).
 const AI8: &str = "%%Creator: Adobe Illustrator(R) 8.0\n%AI5_FileFormat 4.0\n";
 
 /// A triangle filled at `x`.

crates/eps/src/import/tests_images.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+//! Image data read as the PostScript Language Reference (3rd ed.) defines it: several data sources
+//! read in turn (§4.10 "Images", `image` and `colorimage` in chapter 8), rows padded to a whole
+//! byte at every bit depth and odd widths (§4.10), and Flate predictors undone row by row (§3.13,
+//! `FlateDecode` parameters) (#498).
+
+use super::tests::read;
+use super::tests_generators::pixel;
+
+/// Each pixel of the first image, row by row.
+fn pixels(r: &crate::Imported, w: u32, h: u32) -> Vec<[u8; 4]> {
+    assert!(!r.preview && r.warnings.is_empty(), "{:?}", r.warnings);
+    (0..h).flat_map(|y| (0..w).map(move |x| (x, y))).map(|(x, y)| pixel(&r.document, x, y)).collect()
+}
+
+/// A CMYK image whose four data sources are procedures reading one file, a row of one ink each:
+/// the image operator calls them in turn, so each gets its own rows. Read one after the other,
+/// the cyan source took the first four rows of all four inks and the image came out in
+/// horizontal bands (#498).
+#[test]
+fn procedures_reading_one_file_are_read_in_turn() {
+    // 3 × 2 pixels; rows: C M Y K of row 0, then of row 1.
+    let rows = ["ff0000", "00ff00", "000000", "000000", "000000", "000000", "ffff00", "0000ff"];
+    let r = read(&format!(
+        "/DeviceCMYK setcolorspace 30 20 scale /f currentfile /ASCIIHexDecode filter def \
+         << /ImageType 1 /Width 3 /Height 2 /BitsPerComponent 8 /Decode [0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1] /ImageMatrix [3 0 0 -2 0 2] \
+         /MultipleDataSources true /DataSource [ {{f 3 string readstring pop}} {{f 3 string readstring pop}} \
+         {{f 3 string readstring pop}} {{f 3 string readstring pop}} ] >> image\n{}>",
+        rows.concat()
+    ));
+    let cyan = [0, 174, 239, 255];
+    let magenta = [236, 0, 140, 255];
+    let yellow = [255, 242, 0, 255];
+    let black = [35, 31, 32, 255];
+    let white = [255, 255, 255, 255];
+    let px = pixels(&r, 3, 2);
+    let near = |a: [u8; 4], b: [u8; 4]| a.iter().zip(b).all(|(x, y)| x.abs_diff(y) <= 40);
+    let want = [cyan, magenta, white, yellow, yellow, black];
+    assert!(px.iter().zip(want).all(|(a, b)| near(*a, b)), "{px:?}");
+
+    // The operand form: `{r} {g} {b} true 3 colorimage`, procedures reading one file.
+    let r = read(
+        "30 20 scale /f currentfile /ASCIIHexDecode filter def \
+         3 2 8 [3 0 0 -2 0 2] {f 3 string readstring pop} {f 3 string readstring pop} {f 3 string readstring pop} true 3 colorimage\n\
+         ff0000 00ff00 0000ff 102030 405060 708090>",
+    );
+    assert_eq!(pixels(&r, 3, 2), [[255, 0, 0, 255], [0, 255, 0, 255], [0, 0, 255, 255], [16, 64, 112, 255], [32, 80, 128, 255], [48, 96, 144, 255]]);
+}
+
+/// Separate strings and files as the sources: each is read for its own plane, whatever the row.
+#[test]
+fn separate_sources_keep_their_planes() {
+    let r = read("30 20 scale 3 2 8 [3 0 0 -2 0 2] <ff0000102030> <00ff00405060> <0000ff708090> true 3 colorimage");
+    assert_eq!(pixels(&r, 3, 2), [[255, 0, 0, 255], [0, 255, 0, 255], [0, 0, 255, 255], [16, 64, 112, 255], [32, 80, 128, 255], [48, 96, 144, 255]]);
+}
+
+/// Rows of an odd width at 1, 2, 4, 12 and 16 bits a sample start at a byte (their last byte
+/// padded), in one source and in several.
+#[test]
+fn rows_of_every_depth_start_at_a_byte() {
+    // 3 pixels a row, two rows: 0, max, mid / max, 0, 0 (grey), each row padded.
+    let cases = [
+        (1, "a0 80"),                  // 101(00000) 100(00000)
+        (2, "cc c0"),                  // 11 00 11 (00), 11 00 00 (00)
+        (4, "f0 80 f0 00"),            // f 0 8 (0), f 0 0 (0)
+        (12, "fff0008000 fff0000000"), // fff 000 800 (0), fff 000 000 (0)
+        (16, "ffff00008000 ffff00000000"),
+    ];
+    for (bpc, data) in cases {
+        let data = data.replace(' ', "");
+        let r = read(&format!("30 20 scale 3 2 {bpc} [3 0 0 -2 0 2] <{data}> image"));
+        let px: Vec<u8> = pixels(&r, 3, 2).iter().map(|p| p[0]).collect();
+        let want: &[u8] = match bpc {
+            1 => &[255, 0, 255, 255, 0, 0],
+            2 => &[255, 0, 255, 255, 0, 0],
+            4 => &[255, 0, 136, 255, 0, 0],
+            12 => &[255, 0, 128, 255, 0, 0],
+            _ => &[255, 0, 128, 255, 0, 0],
+        };
+        assert_eq!(px, want, "{bpc} bits");
+    }
+    // Several 4-bit sources, odd width: each plane's rows padded on their own.
+    let r = read("30 20 scale 3 2 4 [3 0 0 -2 0 2] <f0f000f0> <0f00f000> <00f00ff0> true 3 colorimage");
+    let (on, off) = (255, 0);
+    let want = [[on, off, off], [off, on, off], [on, off, on], [off, on, off], [off, off, on], [on, off, on]];
+    assert_eq!(pixels(&r, 3, 2), want.map(|[r, g, b]| [r, g, b, 255]));
+}
+
+/// A PNG-predicted Flate image of an odd width: every row filter (None, Sub, Up, Average, Paeth)
+/// undone on its own row.
+#[test]
+fn predicted_rows_of_an_odd_width() {
+    // 3 RGB pixels a row, five rows; each row predicted with its own filter.
+    let raw: Vec<[u8; 9]> = (0..5u8).map(|y| std::array::from_fn(|i| (i as u8).wrapping_mul(29).wrapping_add(y.wrapping_mul(53)))).collect();
+    let mut encoded = vec![];
+    let mut prev = [0u8; 9];
+    for (kind, row) in raw.iter().enumerate() {
+        encoded.push(kind as u8);
+        for i in 0..9 {
+            let a = if i >= 3 { row[i - 3] } else { 0 };
+            let b = prev[i];
+            let c = if i >= 3 { prev[i - 3] } else { 0 };
+            let pred = match kind {
+                1 => a,
+                2 => b,
+                3 => ((u16::from(a) + u16::from(b)) / 2) as u8,
+                4 => {
+                    let p = i16::from(a) + i16::from(b) - i16::from(c);
+                    let (pa, pb, pc) = ((p - i16::from(a)).abs(), (p - i16::from(b)).abs(), (p - i16::from(c)).abs());
+                    if pa <= pb && pa <= pc {
+                        a
+                    } else if pb <= pc {
+                        b
+                    } else {
+                        c
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => 0,
+            };
+            encoded.push(row[i].wrapping_sub(pred));
+        }
+        prev = *row;
+    }
+    let r = read(&format!(
+        "/DeviceRGB setcolorspace 30 50 scale << /ImageType 1 /Width 3 /Height 5 /BitsPerComponent 8 /Decode [0 1 0 1 0 1] /ImageMatrix [3 0 0 -5 0 5] \
+         /DataSource currentfile /ASCII85Decode filter << /Predictor 15 /Colors 3 /Columns 3 >> /FlateDecode filter >> image\n{}",
+        crate::ps::ascii85(&crate::ps::deflate(&encoded))
+    ));
+    let want: Vec<[u8; 4]> = raw.iter().flat_map(|row| (0..3).map(move |x| [row[3 * x], row[3 * x + 1], row[3 * x + 2], 255])).collect();
+    assert_eq!(pixels(&r, 3, 5), want);
+}

crates/mcp/src/tests.rs

@@ -588,3 +588,30 @@ fn type_preferences_apply_to_agents() {
     assert_eq!(r["isError"], false, "{r}");
     assert_eq!(style(&mut s, 6), (size + 4.0, tracking + 50.0));
 }
+
+/// The drawing tools snap to Smart Guides over MCP as with the mouse (#506): a Rectangle drawn
+/// from near another object's corner starts on it, and a Pen anchor placed beside that object's
+/// centre lines up with it.
+#[test]
+fn drawing_gestures_snap_to_smart_guides() {
+    let mut s = server();
+    let r = call(&mut s, 1, "run_command", json!({"command": "file.new", "params": {"width": 800, "height": 600}}));
+    assert_eq!(r["isError"], false, "{r}");
+    let r = call(&mut s, 2, "draw_shape", json!({"shape": "rectangle", "x": 100, "y": 100, "width": 100, "height": 100}));
+    assert_eq!(r["isError"], false, "{r}");
+    let bounds = |s: &mut Server, n: u64, events: Value, tool: &str| {
+        let r = call(s, n, "pointer_gesture", json!({"tool": tool, "events": events}));
+        assert_eq!(r["isError"], false, "{r}");
+        let id = serde_json::from_str::<Value>(&text_of(&r)).unwrap()["selection"][0].clone();
+        let doc: Value = serde_json::from_str(&text_of(&call(s, n + 1, "inspect_document", json!({})))).unwrap();
+        let made = doc["layers"][0]["children"].as_array().unwrap().iter().find(|c| c["id"] == id).expect("drawn").clone();
+        let b = &made["bounds"];
+        [&b["x"], &b["y"], &b["width"], &b["height"]].map(|v| v.as_f64().unwrap())
+    };
+    let events = json!([{"kind": "move", "x": 202, "y": 203}, {"kind": "down", "x": 202, "y": 203}, {"kind": "drag", "x": 330, "y": 341}, {"kind": "up", "x": 330, "y": 341}]);
+    assert_eq!(bounds(&mut s, 3, events, "rectangle"), [200.0, 200.0, 130.0, 141.0]);
+    let r = call(&mut s, 5, "run_command", json!({"command": "select.none", "params": {}}));
+    assert_eq!(r["isError"], false, "{r}");
+    let events = json!([{"kind": "down", "x": 300, "y": 420}, {"kind": "up", "x": 300, "y": 420}, {"kind": "move", "x": 151.5, "y": 431}, {"kind": "down", "x": 151.5, "y": 431}, {"kind": "up", "x": 151.5, "y": 431}]);
+    assert_eq!(bounds(&mut s, 6, events, "pen"), [150.0, 420.0, 150.0, 11.0]);
+}

crates/tools/src/draw2/curvature.rs

@@ -3,13 +3,15 @@
 //! Each click adds a point and the path curves smoothly through all points. Alt-click or
 //! double-click a point toggles it between smooth and corner; drag a point to move it; click the
 //! first point to close; Backspace/Delete removes the last touched point; Esc/Enter ends the path.
-//! A rubber band shows the curve to the cursor (Enable Rubber Band for Curvature Tool).
+//! A rubber band shows the curve to the cursor (Enable Rubber Band for Curvature Tool). Each point
+//! placed or dragged snaps to Smart Guides ([`DrawSnap`]), as the Pen's anchors do.
 
 use serde_json::{Value, json};
-use vectorcraft_doc::NodeId;
+use vectorcraft_doc::{NodeId, Selection};
 use vectorcraft_geom::Point;
 
 use super::{FEEDBACK, catmull_rom};
+use crate::guides::{DrawSnap, Leave, Targets};
 use crate::{Action, Cursor, Mods, Overlay, PointerEvent, PointerKind, Tool, ToolContext, ToolKey};
 
 #[derive(Default)]
@@ -22,6 +24,7 @@ pub struct CurvatureTool {
     /// Last touched point (Backspace removes it).
     current: Option<usize>,
     hover: Option<Point>,
+    snap: DrawSnap,
 }
 
 impl CurvatureTool {
@@ -55,6 +58,12 @@ impl CurvatureTool {
         self.id = None;
         self.drag = None;
         self.current = None;
+        self.snap.clear();
+    }
+
+    /// The segment to the next point leaves the last one.
+    fn leave(&self, cx: &ToolContext) -> Option<Leave> {
+        self.pts.last().map(|(p, _)| Leave::segment(cx, *p, false))
     }
 }
 
@@ -73,11 +82,12 @@ impl Tool for CurvatureTool {
         }
         match ev.kind {
             PointerKind::Move => {
-                self.hover = Some(p);
+                let from = active.and_then(|_| self.leave(cx));
+                self.hover = Some(self.snap.hover(cx, p, active.as_slice(), from.as_ref()));
                 vec![]
             }
             PointerKind::Down => {
-                if active.is_some() {
+                if let Some(id) = active {
                     if let Some(i) = self.hit_point(cx, p) {
                         self.current = Some(i);
                         if ev.mods.alt {
@@ -88,10 +98,15 @@ impl Tool for CurvatureTool {
                             self.closed = true;
                             return vec![Action::Exec("path.curvature".into(), self.params())];
                         }
+                        // The point dragged and the curve through it move: the rest pull.
+                        let sel = Selection { objects: vec![id], anchors: [(id, [(0, i)].into())].into(), ..Selection::default() };
+                        self.snap.hold(cx, || Targets::for_anchor_drag(cx.doc, &sel));
                         self.drag = Some((i, p, false));
                         return vec![];
                     }
                     if !self.closed {
+                        let from = self.leave(cx);
+                        let p = self.snap.press(cx, p, &[id], from.as_ref());
                         self.pts.push((p, ev.mods.alt));
                         self.current = Some(self.pts.len() - 1);
                         return vec![Action::Exec("path.curvature".into(), self.params())];
@@ -99,6 +114,7 @@ impl Tool for CurvatureTool {
                 }
                 // Start a new path.
                 self.reset();
+                let p = self.snap.press(cx, p, &[], None);
                 self.pts.push((p, false));
                 self.current = Some(0);
                 vec![Action::Exec("path.curvature".into(), self.params()), Action::Notify("created".into())]
@@ -113,16 +129,20 @@ impl Tool for CurvatureTool {
                     out.push(Action::Begin("Curvature".into()));
                     self.drag = Some((i, start, true));
                 }
+                let p = self.snap.drag(cx, p, None);
                 if let Some(pt) = self.pts.get_mut(i) {
                     pt.0 = p;
                 }
                 out.push(Action::Preview("path.curvature".into(), self.params()));
                 out
             }
-            PointerKind::Up => match self.drag.take() {
-                Some((_, _, true)) => vec![Action::Commit],
-                _ => vec![],
-            },
+            PointerKind::Up => {
+                self.snap.clear();
+                match self.drag.take() {
+                    Some((_, _, true)) => vec![Action::Commit],
+                    _ => vec![],
+                }
+            }
             PointerKind::DoubleClick => {
                 if active.is_none() {
                     return vec![];
@@ -163,10 +183,10 @@ impl Tool for CurvatureTool {
         if dragging { vec![Action::Commit] } else { vec![] }
     }
     fn overlays(&self, cx: &ToolContext) -> Vec<Overlay> {
+        let mut o = self.snap.guides().to_vec();
         if self.active(cx).is_none() {
-            return vec![];
+            return o;
         }
-        let mut o = vec![];
         if cx.curvature_rubber_band
             && !self.closed
             && self.drag.is_none()
@@ -217,4 +237,19 @@ mod tests {
         let a = t.pointer(&cx2, &PointerEvent::new(PointerKind::Down, 400.0, 400.0));
         assert!(matches!(&a[0], Action::Exec(_, v) if v["id"] == id.0 && v["points"].as_array().unwrap().len() == 5));
     }
+
+    /// Points snap to Smart Guides (#506): the first lands on another object's anchor and says so.
+    #[test]
+    fn points_snap_to_smart_guides() {
+        let (d, _) = doc_with_rect();
+        let s = Selection::default();
+        let p = paint();
+        let cx = cx(&d, &s, &p);
+        let mut t = CurvatureTool::default();
+        let a = t.pointer(&cx, &PointerEvent::new(PointerKind::Down, 202.0, 99.0));
+        assert!(matches!(&a[0], Action::Exec(_, v) if v["points"][0]["x"] == 200.0 && v["points"][0]["y"] == 100.0), "{a:?}");
+        assert!(t.overlays(&cx).iter().any(|o| matches!(o, Overlay::Label { text, .. } if text == "anchor")));
+        t.pointer(&cx, &PointerEvent::new(PointerKind::Up, 202.0, 99.0));
+        assert!(t.overlays(&cx).is_empty());
+    }
 }

crates/tools/src/draw2/family.rs

@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
 //! Line Segment family drag tools: Arc, Spiral, Rectangular Grid and Polar Grid.
 //!
 //! Drag draws (Shift = equal axes / square, Alt = from the centre for arc and grids, Space held
-//! moves the shape being drawn); a click without dragging asks the UI for the options dialog.
+//! moves the shape being drawn); a click without dragging asks the UI for the options dialog. The
+//! start point and the dragged corner snap to Smart Guides ([`DrawSnap`]), hovering too.
 //! While dragging, ↑/↓ change the spiral's segments, the grid rows or the concentric dividers; ←/→
 //! change grid columns / radial dividers.
 
 use serde_json::{Value, json};
-use vectorcraft_geom::{Point, Rect, Vec2};
+use vectorcraft_geom::Point;
 
+use crate::guides::{DrawSnap, Leave, square};
+use crate::shape::drag_rect;
 use crate::{Action, Cursor, Mods, Overlay, PointerEvent, PointerKind, Tool, ToolContext, ToolKey};
 
 pub struct FamilyTool {
@@ -24,6 +27,7 @@ pub struct FamilyTool {
     pub rows: u32,
     /// Columns / radial dividers.
     pub columns: u32,
+    snap: DrawSnap,
 }
 
 impl FamilyTool {
@@ -46,6 +50,7 @@ impl FamilyTool {
             clockwise: true,
             rows: 5,
             columns: 5,
+            snap: DrawSnap::default(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -58,13 +63,10 @@ impl FamilyTool {
         }
     }
 
-    fn rect(start: Point, p: Point, m: Mods) -> Rect {
-        let mut d = p - start;
-        if m.shift {
-            let s = d.x.abs().max(d.y.abs());
-            d = Vec2::new(s * d.x.signum(), s * d.y.signum());
-        }
-        if m.alt { Rect::from_points(start - d, start + d) } else { Rect::from_points(start, start + d) }
+    /// How the dragged point keeps to the start: a spiral's radius goes anywhere, the arc's and
+    /// the grids' corner keeps to a diagonal with Shift.
+    fn leave(&self, start: Point, m: Mods) -> Option<Leave> {
+        (self.id != "spiral").then(|| Leave::diagonal(start, m.shift))
     }
 
     /// The command for a drag from `start` to `p`.
@@ -78,25 +80,21 @@ impl FamilyTool {
                 )
             }
             "rectangularGrid" => {
-                let r = Self::rect(start, p, m);
+                let r = drag_rect(start, p, m);
                 (
                     "shape.rectangularGrid".into(),
                     json!({"x": r.x0, "y": r.y0, "width": r.width(), "height": r.height(), "rows": self.rows, "columns": self.columns}),
                 )
             }
             "polarGrid" => {
-                let r = Self::rect(start, p, m);
+                let r = drag_rect(start, p, m);
                 (
                     "shape.polarGrid".into(),
                     json!({"x": r.x0, "y": r.y0, "width": r.width(), "height": r.height(), "concentric": self.rows, "radial": self.columns}),
                 )
             }
             _ => {
-                let mut d = p - start;
-                if m.shift {
-                    let s = d.x.abs().max(d.y.abs());
-                    d = Vec2::new(s * d.x.signum(), s * d.y.signum());
-                }
+                let d = if m.shift { square(p - start) } else { p - start };
                 let (a, b) = if m.alt { (start - d, start + d) } else { (start, start + d) };
                 ("shape.arc".into(), json!({"x1": a.x, "y1": a.y, "x2": b.x, "y2": b.y, "closed": self.closed}))
             }
@@ -113,8 +111,12 @@ impl Tool for FamilyTool {
     }
     fn pointer(&mut self, cx: &ToolContext, ev: &PointerEvent) -> Vec<Action> {
         match ev.kind {
+            PointerKind::Move => {
+                self.snap.hover(cx, ev.pos, &[], None);
+                vec![]
+            }
             PointerKind::Down => {
-                let (p, _) = crate::guides::snap_draw(cx, ev.pos, &[]);
+                let p = self.snap.press(cx, ev.pos, &[], None);
                 self.start = Some(p);
                 self.last = p;
                 self.began = false;
@@ -122,6 +124,8 @@ impl Tool for FamilyTool {
             }
             PointerKind::Drag => {
                 let Some(mut s) = self.start else { return vec![] };
+                let pos = self.snap.drag(cx, ev.pos, self.leave(s, ev.mods).as_ref());
+                let ev = &PointerEvent { pos, ..*ev };
                 crate::shape::space_moves(&mut s, &mut self.last, ev, self.began);
                 self.start = Some(s);
                 self.mods = ev.mods;
@@ -139,6 +143,7 @@ impl Tool for FamilyTool {
             }
             PointerKind::Up => {
                 let Some(s) = self.start.take() else { return vec![] };
+                self.snap.clear();
                 if std::mem::take(&mut self.began) { vec![Action::Commit] } else { vec![Action::Dialog(self.id.into(), json!({"x": s.x, "y": s.y}))] }
             }
             _ => vec![],
@@ -179,19 +184,21 @@ impl Tool for FamilyTool {
         } else if key == ToolKey::Escape {
             self.start = None;
             self.began = false;
+            self.snap.clear();
             vec![Action::Cancel]
         } else {
             vec![]
         }
     }
     fn overlays(&self, cx: &ToolContext) -> Vec<Overlay> {
-        match self.start {
-            Some(s) if self.began && cx.measurement_labels => {
-                let d = self.last - s;
-                vec![Overlay::Measure { p: self.last, text: cx.size_label(d.x.abs(), d.y.abs()) }]
-            }
-            _ => vec![],
+        let mut o = self.snap.guides().to_vec();
+        if let Some(s) = self.start.filter(|_| self.began && cx.measurement_labels) {
+            // The size as drawn (from the centre with Alt, square with Shift).
+            let r = drag_rect(s, self.last, self.mods);
+            let (w, h) = if self.id == "spiral" { ((self.last - s).x.abs(), (self.last - s).y.abs()) } else { (r.width(), r.height()) };
+            o.push(Overlay::Measure { p: self.last, text: cx.size_label(w, h) });
         }
+        o
     }
     fn cursor(&self, _cx: &ToolContext, _p: Point, _m: Mods) -> Cursor {
         Cursor::Crosshair
@@ -267,4 +274,23 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(c, "shape.arc");
         assert_eq!(v, json!({"x1": 0.0, "y1": 0.0, "x2": 10.0, "y2": 10.0, "closed": false}));
     }
+
+    /// The start and the dragged corner snap to Smart Guides (#506), Shift sliding the corner of
+    /// a square grid along its diagonal into line.
+    #[test]
+    fn corners_snap_to_smart_guides() {
+        let (d, _) = doc_with_rect();
+        let s = Selection::default();
+        let p = paint();
+        let cx = cx(&d, &s, &p);
+        let mut t = FamilyTool::new("rectangularGrid");
+        t.pointer(&cx, &PointerEvent::new(PointerKind::Down, 202.0, 99.0));
+        let shift = Mods { shift: true, ..Mods::default() };
+        let a = t.pointer(&cx, &PointerEvent::new(PointerKind::Drag, 255.0, 147.0).with_mods(shift));
+        assert!(
+            matches!(&a[..], [Action::Begin(_), Action::Preview(_, v)] if v["x"] == 200.0 && v["y"] == 100.0 && v["width"] == 50.0 && v["height"] == 50.0),
+            "{a:?}"
+        );
+        assert!(t.overlays(&cx).iter().any(|o| matches!(o, Overlay::Label { text, .. } if text == "align")));
+    }
 }

crates/tools/src/draw2/gesture.rs

@@ -3,14 +3,17 @@
 //!
 //! Pencil and Paintbrush preview the fitted path live (`path.freehand` re-applied on the snapshot)
 //! and commit on release; Alt on release (or ending near the start) closes the path, and starting
-//! near an end of a selected open path continues it. The other tools collect the drag polyline
-//! (shown as an overlay) and run one command on release.
+//! near an end of a selected open path continues it. The Pencil's new path starts and ends on
+//! Smart Guides ([`DrawSnap`]: an anchor, a path, in line with the art), hovering too; the points
+//! between follow the hand. The other tools collect the drag polyline (shown as an overlay) and run
+//! one command on release.
 
 use serde_json::{Value, json};
 use vectorcraft_doc::NodeId;
 use vectorcraft_geom::Point;
 
 use super::{FEEDBACK, points_json, polyline};
+use crate::guides::DrawSnap;
 use crate::{Action, Cursor, Mods, Overlay, PointerEvent, PointerKind, Tool, ToolContext, ToolKey};
 
 pub struct GestureTool {
@@ -30,6 +33,8 @@ pub struct GestureTool {
     pub edit_within: f64,
     /// "Close paths when ends are within N pixels".
     pub close_within: f64,
+    /// Smart Guides for the Pencil's ends.
+    snap: DrawSnap,
 }
 
 impl GestureTool {
@@ -56,9 +61,15 @@ impl GestureTool {
             fill: false,
             edit_within: 12.0,
             close_within: 15.0,
+            snap: DrawSnap::default(),
         }
     }
 
+    /// Do the ends of its strokes snap (the Pencil)?
+    fn snaps(&self) -> bool {
+        self.id == "pencil"
+    }
+
     fn draws_path(&self) -> bool {
         matches!(self.id, "pencil" | "paintbrush")
     }
@@ -147,17 +158,27 @@ impl Tool for GestureTool {
     fn pointer(&mut self, cx: &ToolContext, ev: &PointerEvent) -> Vec<Action> {
         let p = ev.pos;
         match ev.kind {
+            PointerKind::Move if self.snaps() => {
+                self.snap.hover(cx, p, &[], None);
+                vec![]
+            }
             PointerKind::Down => {
-                self.points = vec![p];
                 self.active = true;
                 self.began = false;
                 self.extend = if self.draws_path() { self.find_extend(cx, p) } else { None };
+                // A path continued starts at its end; a new one where it snaps.
+                let start = if self.snaps() && self.extend.is_none() { self.snap.press(cx, p, &[], None) } else { p };
+                self.points = vec![start];
                 vec![]
             }
             PointerKind::Drag => {
                 if !self.active {
                     return vec![];
                 }
+                if self.snaps() {
+                    // Where the stroke would end: shown, taken on release.
+                    self.snap.drag(cx, p, None);
+                }
                 if self.points.last().is_some_and(|l| l.distance(p) < cx.tol(1.0)) {
                     return vec![];
                 }
@@ -177,8 +198,16 @@ impl Tool for GestureTool {
                 if !self.active {
                     return vec![];
                 }
+                let end = if self.snaps() { self.snap.drag(cx, p, None) } else { p };
+                self.snap.clear();
                 if self.points.last().is_some_and(|l| l.distance(p) >= cx.tol(1.0)) {
-                    self.points.push(p);
+                    self.points.push(end);
+                } else if self.snaps()
+                    && self.points.len() > 1
+                    && let Some(last) = self.points.last_mut()
+                {
+                    // The last step was where the button went up: it moves where that snaps.
+                    *last = end;
                 }
                 let out = self.finish(cx, ev.mods);
                 self.active = false;
@@ -194,6 +223,7 @@ impl Tool for GestureTool {
         match key {
             ToolKey::Escape if self.active => {
                 let began = self.began;
+                self.snap.clear();
                 self.active = false;
                 self.began = false;
                 self.points.clear();
@@ -212,21 +242,24 @@ impl Tool for GestureTool {
     }
     fn deactivate(&mut self, _cx: &ToolContext) -> Vec<Action> {
         let began = self.began;
+        self.snap.clear();
         self.active = false;
         self.began = false;
         self.points.clear();
         if began { vec![Action::Commit] } else { vec![] }
     }
     fn overlays(&self, cx: &ToolContext) -> Vec<Overlay> {
+        let mut o = self.snap.guides().to_vec();
         if !self.active || self.points.len() < 2 || self.began {
-            return vec![];
+            return o;
         }
         let width = match self.id {
             "blobBrush" | "eraser" => (self.size * cx.zoom) as f32,
             _ => 1.0,
         };
         let color = if self.id == "eraser" { [0x80, 0x80, 0x80] } else { FEEDBACK };
-        vec![Overlay::Path { path: polyline(&self.points), color, width, dashed: self.id == "knife" }]
+        o.push(Overlay::Path { path: polyline(&self.points), color, width, dashed: self.id == "knife" });
+        o
     }
     fn cursor(&self, _cx: &ToolContext, _p: Point, _m: Mods) -> Cursor {
         Cursor::Crosshair
@@ -269,6 +302,25 @@ mod tests {
         v
     }
 
+    /// The Pencil's new path starts and ends on Smart Guides (#506), the points between where
+    /// the hand went.
+    #[test]
+    fn pencil_ends_snap_to_smart_guides() {
+        let (d, _) = doc_with_rect();
+        let s = Selection::default();
+        let p = paint();
+        let cx = cx(&d, &s, &p);
+        let mut t = GestureTool::new("pencil");
+        let acts = drag(&mut t, &cx, &[(102.0, 98.0), (151.0, 300.0), (250.0, 320.0), (198.0, 203.0)], Mods::default());
+        let Some(Action::Preview(_, v)) = acts.last().and_then(|a| a.first()) else { panic!("{acts:?}") };
+        assert_eq!(v["points"], json!([[100.0, 100.0], [151.0, 300.0], [250.0, 320.0], [200.0, 200.0]]));
+        // The Paintbrush follows the hand all the way.
+        let mut t = GestureTool::new("paintbrush");
+        let acts = drag(&mut t, &cx, &[(102.0, 98.0), (151.0, 300.0)], Mods::default());
+        let Some(Action::Preview(_, v)) = acts.last().and_then(|a| a.first()) else { panic!("{acts:?}") };
+        assert_eq!(v["points"][0], json!([102.0, 98.0]));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn pencil_previews_and_commits() {
         let (d, _) = doc_with_rect();

crates/tools/src/guides.rs

@@ -1,15 +1,23 @@
-//! Smart Guides: snapping to anchors, path segments (for dragged anchors), object bounds
-//! (edges/centres), artboards, with the magenta construction lines and labels Illustrator users
-//! expect. Preferences › Smart Guides sets their colour, which of them show ([`GuideStyle`]) and
-//! how near a target pulls (`ToolContext::snapping_tolerance`).
+//! Smart Guides: snapping to anchors, path segments (for dragged anchors and drawn points), object
+//! bounds (edges/centres), artboards, with the magenta construction lines and labels Illustrator
+//! users expect. Preferences › Smart Guides sets their colour, which of them show ([`GuideStyle`]),
+//! how near a target pulls (`ToolContext::snapping_tolerance`) and the angles of the construction
+//! guides drawn points land on (`ToolContext::construction_angles`).
+//!
+//! The drawing tools (Pen, Curvature, Pencil, the shape tools, Type, Artboard) all snap the points
+//! they place through one [`DrawSnap`]: their targets are gathered once per document state, sorted,
+//! and each pointer move looks up the few near the pointer by bisection.
+
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use vectorcraft_doc::hit::{HitOptions, hit_test};
-use vectorcraft_doc::{Document, NodeId, NodeKind, OrientedBox, Selection};
+use vectorcraft_doc::{Document, Node, NodeId, NodeKind, OrientedBox, Selection};
 use vectorcraft_geom::kurbo::ParamCurveNearest;
-use vectorcraft_geom::{Affine, Line, ParamCurve, PathSeg, Point, Rect, SubPath, Vec2};
+use vectorcraft_geom::{Affine, Line, ParamCurve, PathSeg, Point, Rect, SubPath, Vec2, constrain_angle_from};
 
 use crate::bbox::Handle;
-use crate::{Overlay, ToolContext};
+use crate::{Overlay, ScreenFrame, ToolContext};
 
 pub const MAGENTA: [u8; 3] = [0xff, 0x3d, 0xfc];
 
@@ -102,9 +110,93 @@ impl Ruler {
 /// How many anchors, and how many segments, the targets gather at most.
 const BUDGET: usize = 20_000;
 
+/// What [`Targets::collect_inner`] gathers from each path besides its anchors and bounds.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+enum Gather {
+    /// Nothing more: a moved or resized selection lines up with bounds.
+    Bounds,
+    /// Its segments, which a dragged anchor lands on.
+    Segments,
+    /// Its segments, and its anchors as lines too: a drawn point lines up with them.
+    Drawing,
+}
+
+/// The entries of `sorted` (ascending by `key`) whose key is within `tol` of `v`, found by
+/// bisection.
+fn within<T>(sorted: &[T], key: impl Fn(&T) -> f64, v: f64, tol: f64) -> &[T] {
+    let lo = sorted.partition_point(|e| key(e) < v - tol);
+    let hi = sorted.partition_point(|e| key(e) <= v + tol);
+    sorted.get(lo..hi).unwrap_or_default()
+}
+
+/// Visit `nodes` and everything inside them, but the nodes in `skip` and everything inside those:
+/// one pass, however many are skipped.
+fn walk_but<'a>(nodes: &'a [Arc<Node>], skip: &HashSet<NodeId>, f: &mut impl FnMut(&'a Node)) {
+    for n in nodes.iter().filter(|n| !skip.contains(&n.id)) {
+        f(n);
+        if let Some(ch) = n.children() {
+            walk_but(ch, skip, f);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The lines of `lines` (sorted by where they run) within `tol` of `v`.
+fn lines_near(lines: &[(f64, Point, Kind)], v: f64, tol: f64) -> &[(f64, Point, Kind)] {
+    within(lines, |l| l.0, v, tol)
+}
+
 impl Targets {
     pub fn collect(doc: &Document, exclude: &[NodeId], visible: Option<Rect>) -> Self {
-        Self::collect_inner(doc, exclude, None, visible, false)
+        Self::collect_inner(doc, exclude, None, visible, Gather::Bounds)
+    }
+
+    /// Targets for a drawn point: the art in `visible` (all of it for None) but `exclude`, its
+    /// anchors, centres, edges and path segments, its anchors in line too. The anchors and
+    /// segments of `exclude` (the path being drawn, whose bounds grow with it) stay targets.
+    pub fn for_drawing(doc: &Document, exclude: &[NodeId], visible: Option<Rect>) -> Self {
+        let mut t = Self::collect_inner(doc, exclude, None, visible, Gather::Drawing);
+        t.push_paths(doc, exclude, true);
+        t.index()
+    }
+
+    /// Targets for a dragged direction handle of path `id`: the other art, and the anchors of `id`
+    /// (its bounds and the segments through the handle move with it, so they would chase it).
+    pub fn for_handle(doc: &Document, id: NodeId) -> Self {
+        let mut t = Self::collect_inner(doc, &[id], None, None, Gather::Bounds);
+        t.push_paths(doc, &[id], false);
+        t.index()
+    }
+
+    /// The anchors of the paths `ids` as targets, on them and in line, and their segments too
+    /// when `segments`: at most [`BUDGET`] of each.
+    fn push_paths(&mut self, doc: &Document, ids: &[NodeId], segments: bool) {
+        let (mut anchors, mut segment_budget) = (BUDGET, if segments { BUDGET } else { 0 });
+        for path in ids.iter().filter_map(|id| doc.node(*id)?.path_data()) {
+            for sp in &path.subpaths {
+                for a in sp.anchors.iter().take(anchors) {
+                    self.push_anchor(a.p);
+                    anchors -= 1;
+                }
+                self.push_segments(sp, |_| false, &mut segment_budget);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Sort the targets so that [`within`] finds those near a point by bisection: the anchors
+    /// and centres by x, the lines by where they run. Every constructor ends with it (the sort
+    /// is stable: of targets alike, the first gathered still wins).
+    fn index(mut self) -> Self {
+        self.points.sort_by(|a, b| a.0.x.total_cmp(&b.0.x));
+        self.xs.sort_by(|a, b| a.0.total_cmp(&b.0));
+        self.ys.sort_by(|a, b| a.0.total_cmp(&b.0));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Anchor `a` as a target: a point lands on it and lines up with it.
+    fn push_anchor(&mut self, a: Point) {
+        self.points.push((a, Kind::Anchor));
+        self.xs.push((a.x, a, Kind::Anchor));
+        self.ys.push((a.y, a, Kind::Anchor));
     }
 
     /// The same targets drawing their guides as the Smart Guides preferences in `cx` ask
@@ -127,29 +219,27 @@ impl Targets {
     /// Targets for dragging artboard `index`: everything except that artboard and `exclude` (the
     /// art that moves along with it).
     pub fn for_artboard(doc: &Document, index: usize, exclude: &[NodeId]) -> Self {
-        Self::collect_inner(doc, exclude, Some(index), None, false)
+        Self::collect_inner(doc, exclude, Some(index), None, Gather::Bounds)
     }
 
     /// Targets for dragging the direct-selected anchors of `sel` (and its objects selected as a
     /// whole): the other art, its path segments too, and the anchors and segments that stay put on
     /// the paths being reshaped (their bounds move along, so they are no targets).
     pub fn for_anchor_drag(doc: &Document, sel: &Selection) -> Self {
-        let mut t = Self::collect_inner(doc, &sel.objects, None, None, true);
+        let mut t = Self::collect_inner(doc, &sel.objects, None, None, Gather::Segments);
         let (mut anchors, mut segments) = (BUDGET, BUDGET);
         for (id, set) in &sel.anchors {
             let Some(path) = doc.node(*id).and_then(|n| n.path_data()) else { continue };
             for (si, sp) in path.subpaths.iter().enumerate() {
                 let moving = |ai: usize| set.contains(&(si, ai));
                 for a in sp.anchors.iter().enumerate().filter(|(ai, _)| !moving(*ai)).map(|(_, a)| a.p).take(anchors) {
-                    t.points.push((a, Kind::Anchor));
-                    t.xs.push((a.x, a, Kind::Anchor));
-                    t.ys.push((a.y, a, Kind::Anchor));
+                    t.push_anchor(a);
                     anchors -= 1;
                 }
                 t.push_segments(sp, moving, &mut segments);
             }
         }
-        t
+        t.index()
     }
 
     /// The segments of `sp` that stay put while the anchors `moving` accepts move, as targets, at
@@ -171,9 +261,8 @@ impl Targets {
         }
     }
 
-    fn collect_inner(doc: &Document, exclude: &[NodeId], skip_artboard: Option<usize>, visible: Option<Rect>, segments: bool) -> Self {
+    fn collect_inner(doc: &Document, exclude: &[NodeId], skip_artboard: Option<usize>, visible: Option<Rect>, gather: Gather) -> Self {
         let mut t = Targets::default();
-        let excluded = |id: NodeId| exclude.iter().any(|e| doc.ancestry(id).is_some_and(|a| a.contains(e)));
         let add_rect = |t: &mut Targets, r: Rect, kind: Kind| {
             let c = r.center();
             for p in [Point::new(r.x0, r.y0), Point::new(r.x1, r.y0), Point::new(r.x1, r.y1), Point::new(r.x0, r.y1)] {
@@ -194,8 +283,8 @@ impl Targets {
             }
         }
         let (mut budget, mut segment_budget) = (BUDGET, BUDGET);
-        doc.walk(|n| {
-            if budget == 0 || n.is_container() || !n.visible || excluded(n.id) {
+        walk_but(&doc.layers, &exclude.iter().copied().collect(), &mut |n| {
+            if budget == 0 || n.is_container() || !n.visible {
                 return;
             }
             let Some(b) = n.geometric_bounds() else { return };
@@ -207,10 +296,14 @@ impl Targets {
             }
             if let NodeKind::Path { path, .. } = &n.kind {
                 for (_, _, a) in path.anchors() {
-                    t.points.push((a.p, Kind::Anchor));
+                    if gather == Gather::Drawing {
+                        t.push_anchor(a.p);
+                    } else {
+                        t.points.push((a.p, Kind::Anchor));
+                    }
                     budget = budget.saturating_sub(1);
                 }
-                if segments {
+                if gather != Gather::Bounds {
                     for sp in &path.subpaths {
                         t.push_segments(sp, |_| false, &mut segment_budget);
                     }
@@ -218,7 +311,7 @@ impl Targets {
             }
             add_rect(&mut t, b, Kind::Edge);
         });
-        t
+        t.index()
     }
 
     /// Only these targets' anchors pull (View → Snap to Point).
@@ -265,25 +358,55 @@ impl Targets {
                 t.points.push((b.center(), Kind::Center));
             });
         }
-        t
+        t.index()
     }
 
     /// Snap a single point: onto the nearest anchor or centre, else onto the nearest segment, else
     /// into line with targets. Returns the snapped point and guide overlays.
     pub fn snap_point(&self, p: Point, tol: f64) -> (Point, Vec<Overlay>) {
+        self.snap_from(p, None, tol)
+    }
+
+    /// Snap a drawn point `p` as [`Self::snap_point`] does, and when it leaves `from` (the anchor
+    /// before it, a shape's start): with Shift held it keeps to its angles round it, sliding along
+    /// that way into line with the nearest target; else, before lining up, it lands on a
+    /// construction guide through it, where a target's line crosses the guide if one does nearby.
+    pub fn snap_from(&self, p: Point, from: Option<&Leave>, tol: f64) -> (Point, Vec<Overlay>) {
+        if let Some(f) = from
+            && let Some(q) = f.constrained(p)
+        {
+            return match self.slide(f.at, q - f.at, q, tol, true) {
+                Some((q, target)) => (q, self.lined_up(q, target)),
+                None => (q, vec![]),
+            };
+        }
         if let Some((q, k)) = self.nearest_point(p, tol) {
             return (q, self.label(q, k.label()).into_iter().collect());
         }
         if let Some(q) = self.on_segment(p, tol) {
             return (q, self.label(q, Kind::Edge.label()).into_iter().collect());
         }
+        if let Some(f) = from
+            && let Some((dir, q)) = f.construction(p, tol)
+        {
+            let construction = |q: Point| Overlay::Line { a: f.at, b: q, color: self.style.color, dashed: false };
+            return match self.slide(f.at, dir, q, tol, false) {
+                Some((q, target)) => (q, std::iter::once(construction(q)).chain(self.lined_up(q, target)).collect()),
+                None => (q, vec![construction(q)]),
+            };
+        }
         let mut out = p;
         let mut ov = vec![];
         // The targets' lines along one axis and the ruler guides running past `p`, the nearest
         // within reach of `v`.
         let nearest = |lines: &[(f64, Point, Kind)], vertical: bool, v: f64| {
             let rulers = self.rulers.iter().filter(|r| r.vertical == vertical).filter_map(|r| r.line_at(p, tol));
-            lines.iter().copied().chain(rulers).filter(|(t, ..)| (t - v).abs() <= tol).min_by(|a, b| (a.0 - v).abs().total_cmp(&(b.0 - v).abs()))
+            lines_near(lines, v, tol)
+                .iter()
+                .copied()
+                .chain(rulers)
+                .filter(|(t, ..)| (t - v).abs() <= tol)
+                .min_by(|a, b| (a.0 - v).abs().total_cmp(&(b.0 - v).abs()))
         };
         let mut aligned = false;
         if let Some((x, from, _)) = nearest(&self.xs, true, p.x) {
@@ -304,7 +427,47 @@ impl Targets {
 
     /// The anchor or centre nearest `p`, within `tol`.
     fn nearest_point(&self, p: Point, tol: f64) -> Option<(Point, Kind)> {
-        self.points.iter().copied().filter(|(q, _)| q.distance(p) <= tol).min_by(|a, b| a.0.distance(p).total_cmp(&b.0.distance(p)))
+        within(&self.points, |q| q.0.x, p.x, tol)
+            .iter()
+            .copied()
+            .filter(|(q, _)| q.distance(p) <= tol)
+            .min_by(|a, b| a.0.distance(p).total_cmp(&b.0.distance(p)))
+    }
+
+    /// Slide `q`, on the line through `at` along `dir` (beyond `at` only, for a `ray`), to where
+    /// the nearest target line crosses it, at most twice `tol` away: where it lands and the
+    /// target's own point (where its line starts).
+    fn slide(&self, at: Point, dir: Vec2, q: Point, tol: f64, ray: bool) -> Option<(Point, Point)> {
+        if !dir.hypot2().is_finite() || dir.hypot2() <= 1e-18 {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let reach = 2.0 * tol;
+        let mut best: Option<(f64, Point, Point)> = None;
+        for (vertical, lines, d, a, v) in [(true, &self.xs, dir.x, at.x, q.x), (false, &self.ys, dir.y, at.y, q.y)] {
+            if d.abs() <= 1e-9 {
+                continue;
+            }
+            // A line that far across the way crosses it at least that far along.
+            for (t, from, _) in lines_near(lines, v, reach) {
+                let s = (t - a) / d;
+                // Exactly on the line, whatever the rounding along the way.
+                let hit = if vertical { Point::new(*t, at.y + dir.y * s) } else { Point::new(at.x + dir.x * s, *t) };
+                let moved = hit.distance(q);
+                if moved <= reach && (!ray || s > 0.0) && best.is_none_or(|b| moved < b.0) {
+                    best = Some((moved, hit, *from));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        best.map(|(_, hit, from)| (hit, from))
+    }
+
+    /// The guides of a point `q` slid into line with the target at `from`: the line from it and
+    /// "align", or the target's own label when `q` sits right on it.
+    fn lined_up(&self, q: Point, from: Point) -> Vec<Overlay> {
+        if let Some((on, k)) = self.nearest_point(q, 1e-9) {
+            return self.label(on, k.label()).into_iter().collect();
+        }
+        self.line(from, q).into_iter().chain(self.label(q, "align")).collect()
     }
 
     /// The nearest point within `tol` of `p` on a target segment.
@@ -323,7 +486,7 @@ impl Targets {
     pub fn snap_guide(&self, vertical: bool, v: f64, tol: f64) -> (f64, Vec<Overlay>) {
         let along = |q: &Point| if vertical { q.x } else { q.y };
         let lines = if vertical { &self.xs } else { &self.ys };
-        let best = lines
+        let best = lines_near(lines, v, tol)
             .iter()
             .map(|(t, from, k)| (*t, *from, *k))
             .chain(self.points.iter().map(|(q, k)| (along(q), *q, *k)))
@@ -370,7 +533,7 @@ impl Targets {
             rects
                 .iter()
                 .flat_map(|r| along(r).into_iter().map(move |v| (v, *r)))
-                .flat_map(|(v, r)| targets.iter().map(move |(t, from, _)| (t - v, *from, v, r)))
+                .flat_map(|(v, r)| lines_near(targets, v, tol).iter().map(move |(t, from, _)| (t - v, *from, v, r)))
                 .filter(|(d, ..)| d.abs() <= tol)
                 .min_by(|a, b| a.0.abs().total_cmp(&b.0.abs()))
         };
@@ -410,7 +573,11 @@ impl Targets {
         // A scale that collapses or flips the box is no snap.
         let valid = |n: f64, s: f64| n.is_finite() && n * s > 0.0;
         let nearest = |v: f64, ts: &[(f64, Point, Kind)]| -> Hit {
-            ts.iter().map(|(t, from, _)| (*t, *from)).filter(|(t, _)| (t - v).abs() <= tol).min_by(|p, q| (p.0 - v).abs().total_cmp(&(q.0 - v).abs()))
+            lines_near(ts, v, tol)
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(t, from, _)| (*t, *from))
+                .filter(|(t, _)| (t - v).abs() <= tol)
+                .min_by(|p, q| (p.0 - v).abs().total_cmp(&(q.0 - v).abs()))
         };
         let (mut nx, mut ny) = (sx, sy);
         let mut snap: Snap = (None, None, None);
@@ -540,24 +707,225 @@ impl PointSnap {
 
     /// Where `p` goes, and the guides showing why.
     pub fn snap(&self, cx: &ToolContext, p: Point) -> (Point, Vec<Overlay>) {
+        self.snap_from(cx, p, None)
+    }
+
+    /// Where a drawn point `p` leaving `from` goes ([`Targets::snap_from`]), and the guides
+    /// showing why. Pixels and the grid round it before Shift turns it onto its angle.
+    pub fn snap_from(&self, cx: &ToolContext, p: Point, from: Option<&Leave>) -> (Point, Vec<Overlay>) {
+        let keep = |q: Point| from.and_then(|f| f.constrained(q)).unwrap_or(q);
         if cx.snap_to_pixel {
-            return (Point::new(p.x.round(), p.y.round()), vec![]);
+            return (keep(Point::new(p.x.round(), p.y.round())), vec![]);
         }
         if cx.snap_to_grid {
-            return (vectorcraft_geom::snap::snap_point_to_grid(p, cx.grid_step()), vec![]);
+            return (keep(vectorcraft_geom::snap::snap_point_to_grid(p, cx.grid_step())), vec![]);
         }
         match &self.targets {
-            Some((t, tol)) => t.snap_point(p, cx.tol(*tol)),
-            None => (p, vec![]),
+            Some((t, tol)) => t.snap_from(p, from, cx.tol(*tol)),
+            None => (keep(p), vec![]),
         }
     }
 }
 
-/// Snapping for a dragged direction handle: Shift keeps it at 45° steps round its anchor, else it
-/// snaps as a drawn point does. The targets are gathered on the first move that needs them and
-/// kept for the rest of the drag (gathering them takes as long as the document is big).
+/// The Construction Guides angle set new preferences start with.
+pub const DEFAULT_CONSTRUCTION_ANGLES: &str = "90° & 45° Angles";
+
+/// The angles (degrees) of the construction guides of a Smart Guides › Angles set: "90°" gives the
+/// horizontal and the vertical, "45°" the diagonals, "60°" and "30°" their multiples between those.
+pub fn construction_angles(set: &str) -> &'static [f64] {
+    match set {
+        "30° Angles" => &[30.0, 60.0, 120.0, 150.0],
+        "45° Angles" => &[45.0, 135.0],
+        "60° Angles" => &[60.0, 120.0],
+        "90° Angles" => &[0.0, 90.0],
+        "90° & 45° & 30° Angles" => &[0.0, 30.0, 45.0, 60.0, 90.0, 120.0, 135.0, 150.0],
+        _ => &[0.0, 45.0, 90.0, 135.0],
+    }
+}
+
+/// How Shift keeps a drawn point to the point it leaves from.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
+enum Keep {
+    /// At steps of `step` degrees counted from `base` (a segment).
+    Angle { step: f64, base: f64 },
+    /// On a diagonal, as far along as the pointer's farther axis (a square's corner).
+    Square,
+}
+
+/// The point a drawn point leaves from (the anchor before it, a shape's start) and how it keeps
+/// to it: with Shift held at fixed angles round it, and onto the construction guides through it
+/// (Smart Guides › Construction Guides).
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Leave {
+    pub at: Point,
+    /// Shift held: how the point keeps to `at`.
+    shift: Option<Keep>,
+    /// The angles of the construction guides through `at` (none with them off).
+    angles: &'static [f64],
+}
+
+impl Leave {
+    /// A segment from `at` (Pen, Curvature, Line Segment): Shift keeps it at 45° steps from
+    /// General › Constrain Angle; with Smart Guides on it lands on the construction guides.
+    pub fn segment(cx: &ToolContext, at: Point, shift: bool) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            at,
+            shift: shift.then_some(Keep::Angle { step: 45.0, base: cx.constrain_angle }),
+            angles: if cx.smart_guides { cx.construction_angles } else { &[] },
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A box dragged from its corner or centre `at` (Rectangle, Ellipse, Arc, the grids,
+    /// Artboard): Shift keeps the dragged corner on a diagonal, the box a square.
+    pub fn diagonal(at: Point, shift: bool) -> Self {
+        Self { at, shift: shift.then_some(Keep::Square), angles: &[] }
+    }
+
+    /// Where Shift puts `p`: none without it.
+    fn constrained(&self, p: Point) -> Option<Point> {
+        let v = p - self.at;
+        Some(match self.shift? {
+            Keep::Angle { step, base } => self.at + constrain_angle_from(v, step, base),
+            Keep::Square => self.at + square(v),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// The construction guide through `at` nearest `p`, within `tol` of it (and `p` farther than
+    /// that from `at`, where every guide meets): its direction and where `p` lands on it.
+    fn construction(&self, p: Point, tol: f64) -> Option<(Vec2, Point)> {
+        let v = p - self.at;
+        if v.hypot() <= tol {
+            return None;
+        }
+        self.angles
+            .iter()
+            // Counter-clockwise as seen on the y-down page.
+            .map(|a| Vec2::new(a.to_radians().cos(), -a.to_radians().sin()))
+            .map(|d| (d, self.at + d * v.dot(d)))
+            .map(|(d, q)| (d, q, q.distance(p)))
+            .filter(|(.., dist)| *dist <= tol)
+            .min_by(|a, b| a.2.total_cmp(&b.2))
+            .map(|(d, q, _)| (d, q))
+    }
+}
+
+/// `d` made square: as long on both axes as on its longer one, each keeping its sign.
+pub fn square(d: Vec2) -> Vec2 {
+    let s = d.x.abs().max(d.y.abs());
+    Vec2::new(s * d.x.signum(), s * d.y.signum())
+}
+
+/// Smart Guides for the points a drawing tool places: the Pen's and Curvature tool's anchors,
+/// the Pencil's ends, the shape tools' start and dragged corner, the Type tool's click and the
+/// Artboard tool's new artboard. Each such tool keeps one and asks it for every point, hovering
+/// too, so they all snap alike, and shows its [`Self::guides`].
+///
+/// The targets ([`Targets::for_drawing`], the art in the window) are gathered once per document
+/// state: hovering gathers them again only after the document, the selection, what is left out,
+/// the window or the snapping options changed; a press always gathers them afresh, and the drag
+/// it starts keeps them, the document then showing the drag's own previews.
 #[derive(Default)]
-pub struct HandleSnap(Option<PointSnap>);
+pub struct DrawSnap {
+    /// The targets, and what they were gathered for (none: for one drag only).
+    targets: Option<(Option<SnapKey>, PointSnap)>,
+    guides: Vec<Overlay>,
+}
+
+/// What a [`DrawSnap`]'s targets were gathered for: the document state, the art left out, the
+/// window and every option [`PointSnap::new`] reads.
+#[derive(PartialEq)]
+struct SnapKey {
+    revision: (u64, u64),
+    exclude: Vec<NodeId>,
+    screen: Option<ScreenFrame>,
+    view: [bool; 5],
+    style: GuideStyle,
+    tolerances: [f64; 2],
+}
+
+impl SnapKey {
+    fn of(cx: &ToolContext, exclude: &[NodeId]) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            revision: cx.revision,
+            exclude: exclude.to_vec(),
+            screen: cx.screen,
+            view: [cx.smart_guides, cx.snap_to_point, cx.snap_to_pixel, cx.snap_to_grid, cx.guides],
+            style: GuideStyle::of(cx),
+            tolerances: [cx.snapping_tolerance, cx.snap_tolerance],
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The part of the document the window shows (none headless: all of it).
+fn visible(cx: &ToolContext) -> Option<Rect> {
+    let s = cx.screen?;
+    let (w, h) = s.size;
+    Some(Rect::from_points(s.at(0.0, 0.0), s.at(w, h)).union_pt(s.at(w, 0.0)).union_pt(s.at(0.0, h)))
+}
+
+impl DrawSnap {
+    /// Snap the pointer hovering at `p` (the art but `exclude` as targets, the anchors of
+    /// `exclude` still pulling), reusing the targets while nothing they depend on changed.
+    pub fn hover(&mut self, cx: &ToolContext, p: Point, exclude: &[NodeId], from: Option<&Leave>) -> Point {
+        let key = SnapKey::of(cx, exclude);
+        if self.targets.as_ref().is_none_or(|(k, _)| k.as_ref() != Some(&key)) {
+            self.gather(cx, key);
+        }
+        self.snap(cx, p, from)
+    }
+
+    /// Snap the point pressed at `p`, the targets gathered afresh: the drag that follows keeps
+    /// them ([`Self::drag`]).
+    pub fn press(&mut self, cx: &ToolContext, p: Point, exclude: &[NodeId], from: Option<&Leave>) -> Point {
+        self.gather(cx, SnapKey::of(cx, exclude));
+        self.snap(cx, p, from)
+    }
+
+    /// Gather `targets` other than the art for the drag a press starts (a point being dragged
+    /// leaves itself out); the next hover gathers its own again.
+    pub fn hold(&mut self, cx: &ToolContext, targets: impl FnOnce() -> Targets) {
+        self.targets = Some((None, PointSnap::new(cx, targets)));
+        self.guides.clear();
+    }
+
+    /// Snap `p`, dragged since the press, with the targets the press gathered.
+    pub fn drag(&mut self, cx: &ToolContext, p: Point, from: Option<&Leave>) -> Point {
+        if self.targets.is_none() {
+            self.gather(cx, SnapKey::of(cx, &[]));
+        }
+        self.snap(cx, p, from)
+    }
+
+    /// The guides of the last snap.
+    pub fn guides(&self) -> &[Overlay] {
+        &self.guides
+    }
+
+    /// Hide the guides (the gesture ended).
+    pub fn clear(&mut self) {
+        self.guides.clear();
+    }
+
+    fn gather(&mut self, cx: &ToolContext, key: SnapKey) {
+        let snap = PointSnap::new(cx, || Targets::for_drawing(cx.doc, &key.exclude, visible(cx)));
+        self.targets = Some((Some(key), snap));
+    }
+
+    fn snap(&mut self, cx: &ToolContext, p: Point, from: Option<&Leave>) -> Point {
+        let (q, guides) = match &self.targets {
+            Some((_, t)) => t.snap_from(cx, p, from),
+            None => (p, vec![]),
+        };
+        self.guides = guides;
+        q
+    }
+}
+
+/// Snapping for a dragged direction handle: Shift keeps it at 45° steps round its anchor, else it
+/// snaps as a drawn point does ([`DrawSnap`]). The targets ([`Targets::for_handle`]) are gathered
+/// on the first move that needs them and kept for the rest of the drag.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct HandleSnap(DrawSnap);
 
 impl HandleSnap {
     /// Where the handle of anchor `ai` of subpath `si` of path `id` goes with the pointer at `p`,
@@ -565,22 +933,13 @@ impl HandleSnap {
     pub fn snap(&mut self, cx: &ToolContext, (id, si, ai): (NodeId, usize, usize), p: Point, shift: bool) -> (Point, Vec<Overlay>) {
         let path = cx.doc.node(id).and_then(|n| n.path_data());
         if shift && let Some(a) = path.and_then(|pd| pd.subpaths.get(si)?.anchors.get(ai)) {
-            return (a.p + vectorcraft_geom::constrain_angle_from(p - a.p, 45.0, cx.constrain_angle), vec![]);
+            return (a.p + constrain_angle_from(p - a.p, 45.0, cx.constrain_angle), vec![]);
         }
-        let snap = self.0.get_or_insert_with(|| {
-            PointSnap::new(cx, || {
-                // The path's bounds move with the handle, so they would chase it: its anchors
-                // (which stay put) are the targets instead, the handle lining up with them too.
-                let mut t = Targets::collect(cx.doc, &[id], None);
-                for (_, _, a) in path.into_iter().flat_map(|pd| pd.anchors()).take(20_000) {
-                    t.points.push((a.p, Kind::Anchor));
-                    t.xs.push((a.p.x, a.p, Kind::Anchor));
-                    t.ys.push((a.p.y, a.p, Kind::Anchor));
-                }
-                t
-            })
-        });
-        snap.snap(cx, p)
+        if self.0.targets.is_none() {
+            self.0.hold(cx, || Targets::for_handle(cx.doc, id));
+        }
+        let q = self.0.drag(cx, p, None);
+        (q, self.0.guides().to_vec())
     }
 }
 
@@ -758,9 +1117,138 @@ mod tests {
         s.anchors.insert(id, [(0, 0)].into_iter().collect());
         let t = Targets::for_anchor_drag(&d, &s);
         let anchors: Vec<Point> = t.points.iter().filter(|(_, k)| *k == Kind::Anchor).map(|(p, _)| *p).collect();
-        assert_eq!(anchors, [Point::new(200.0, 100.0), Point::new(200.0, 200.0), Point::new(100.0, 200.0)]);
+        assert_eq!(anchors, [Point::new(100.0, 200.0), Point::new(200.0, 100.0), Point::new(200.0, 200.0)], "by x");
         assert_eq!(t.segments.len(), 2);
         assert!(!t.points.iter().any(|(p, k)| *k == Kind::Center && *p == Point::new(150.0, 150.0)), "the rect's centre moves");
         assert_eq!(t.snap_point(Point::new(101.0, 99.0), 4.0).0, Point::new(100.0, 100.0), "in line with its neighbours, not on itself");
     }
+
+    fn labels(ov: &[Overlay]) -> Vec<&str> {
+        ov.iter().filter_map(|o| if let Overlay::Label { text, .. } = o { Some(text.as_str()) } else { None }).collect()
+    }
+
+    fn lines(ov: &[Overlay]) -> Vec<(Point, Point)> {
+        ov.iter().filter_map(|o| if let Overlay::Line { a, b, .. } = o { Some((*a, *b)) } else { None }).collect()
+    }
+
+    /// A drawn point (#506): on another object's anchors, in line with them too (not only with its
+    /// bounds), onto its paths; Shift slides it along its 45° step into line; near a construction
+    /// guide through the point it leaves from it lands on the guide, where a target's line crosses
+    /// it if one does nearby.
+    #[test]
+    fn drawn_points_land_on_anchors_paths_alignments_and_construction_guides() {
+        let (d, _) = doc_with_rect();
+        let (s, p) = (Selection::default(), paint());
+        let c = cx(&d, &s, &p);
+        let t = Targets::for_drawing(&d, &[], None).styled(&c);
+        // The rect is 100..200: its corner, a point on its side, and in line with an anchor.
+        let (q, ov) = t.snap_from(Point::new(202.0, 198.0), None, 4.0);
+        assert_eq!((q, labels(&ov)), (Point::new(200.0, 200.0), vec!["anchor"]));
+        let (q, ov) = t.snap_from(Point::new(202.0, 160.0), None, 4.0);
+        assert_eq!((q, labels(&ov)), (Point::new(200.0, 160.0), vec!["path"]));
+        let (q, ov) = t.snap_from(Point::new(330.0, 102.0), None, 4.0);
+        assert_eq!((q, labels(&ov)), (Point::new(330.0, 100.0), vec!["align"]));
+        // Shift from (300, 300): the pointer at 2° keeps to 0°, then slides onto x = 200.
+        let shift = Leave::segment(&c, Point::new(300.0, 300.0), true);
+        let (q, ov) = t.snap_from(Point::new(203.0, 303.0), Some(&shift), 4.0);
+        assert!((q - Point::new(200.0, 300.0)).hypot() < 1e-9, "{q:?}");
+        assert_eq!(labels(&ov), ["align"]);
+        assert_eq!(lines(&ov).len(), 1, "{ov:?}");
+        // Nothing in reach: on its angle, as far as the pointer.
+        let (q, ov) = t.snap_from(Point::new(300.0, 380.0), Some(&shift), 4.0);
+        assert_eq!((q, ov.len()), (Point::new(300.0, 380.0), 0));
+        // Construction guides through (300, 320): onto the 135° one…
+        let from = Leave::segment(&c, Point::new(300.0, 320.0), false);
+        let (q, ov) = t.snap_from(Point::new(352.0, 373.0), Some(&from), 4.0);
+        assert!((q - Point::new(352.5, 372.5)).hypot() < 1e-9, "{q:?}");
+        assert_eq!(lines(&ov), vec![(Point::new(300.0, 320.0), q)]);
+        // …where x = 200 crosses it.
+        let (q, ov) = t.snap_from(Point::new(203.0, 222.5), Some(&from), 4.0);
+        assert!((q - Point::new(200.0, 220.0)).hypot() < 1e-9, "{q:?}");
+        assert_eq!((lines(&ov).len(), labels(&ov)), (2, vec!["align"]));
+        // Construction Guides off (or Smart Guides off): in line, not on a guide.
+        let off = ToolContext { construction_angles: &[], ..cx(&d, &s, &p) };
+        let (q, _) = t.snap_from(Point::new(352.0, 373.0), Some(&Leave::segment(&off, Point::new(300.0, 320.0), false)), 4.0);
+        assert_eq!(q, Point::new(352.0, 373.0));
+        // A box's corner keeps to a diagonal with Shift, the farther axis giving its size.
+        let (q, _) = t.snap_from(Point::new(340.0, 310.0), Some(&Leave::diagonal(Point::new(300.0, 300.0), true)), 4.0);
+        assert_eq!(q, Point::new(340.0, 340.0));
+    }
+
+    /// The angle sets of Preferences › Smart Guides › Construction Guides.
+    #[test]
+    fn construction_angle_sets() {
+        assert_eq!(construction_angles(DEFAULT_CONSTRUCTION_ANGLES), [0.0, 45.0, 90.0, 135.0]);
+        assert_eq!(construction_angles("90° Angles"), [0.0, 90.0]);
+        assert_eq!(construction_angles("30° Angles"), [30.0, 60.0, 120.0, 150.0]);
+        assert_eq!(construction_angles("90° & 45° & 30° Angles").len(), 8);
+        assert_eq!(construction_angles("nonsense"), construction_angles(DEFAULT_CONSTRUCTION_ANGLES));
+    }
+
+    /// The sorted targets find by bisection just what a scan of all of them finds, whatever
+    /// gathered them.
+    #[test]
+    fn bisection_finds_what_a_scan_finds() {
+        use vectorcraft_doc::{Appearance, Node};
+        let (mut d, id) = doc_with_rect();
+        let l = d.layers[0].id;
+        for i in 0..60 {
+            let (x, y) = ((i * 37 % 450) as f64, (i * 53 % 430) as f64);
+            let tri = vectorcraft_geom::PathData::single(SubPath::polyline(
+                &[Point::new(x, y), Point::new(x + 13.0, y + 3.0), Point::new(x + 5.0, y + 17.0)],
+                true,
+            ));
+            let n = d.alloc_id();
+            d.insert(Some(l), 1, Node::path(n, tri, Appearance::default_art())).unwrap();
+        }
+        let mut s = Selection::default();
+        s.set([id]);
+        s.anchors.insert(id, [(0, 1)].into_iter().collect());
+        for t in [Targets::collect(&d, &[], None), Targets::for_drawing(&d, &[id], None), Targets::for_anchor_drag(&d, &s)] {
+            for q in (0..40).flat_map(|i| (0..40).map(move |j| Point::new(i as f64 * 12.7, j as f64 * 11.3))) {
+                let scan = t.points.iter().copied().filter(|(a, _)| a.distance(q) <= 6.0).min_by(|a, b| a.0.distance(q).total_cmp(&b.0.distance(q)));
+                assert_eq!(t.nearest_point(q, 6.0).map(|h| h.0.distance(q)), scan.map(|h| h.0.distance(q)), "{q:?}");
+                for (lines, v) in [(&t.xs, q.x), (&t.ys, q.y)] {
+                    let mut near: Vec<f64> = lines_near(lines, v, 6.0).iter().map(|l| l.0).collect();
+                    let mut all: Vec<f64> = lines.iter().map(|l| l.0).filter(|w| (w - v).abs() <= 6.0).collect();
+                    near.sort_by(f64::total_cmp);
+                    all.sort_by(f64::total_cmp);
+                    assert_eq!(near, all);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A drawing tool's snapper reuses its targets while hovering over the same document state, and
+    /// gathers them again when it changes, and on every press.
+    #[test]
+    fn draw_snap_gathers_once_per_document_state() {
+        let (d, _) = doc_with_rect();
+        let empty = vectorcraft_doc::Document::new(500.0, 500.0);
+        let (s, p) = (Selection::default(), paint());
+        let at = Point::new(202.0, 198.0);
+        let mut snap = DrawSnap::default();
+        let c = ToolContext { revision: (1, 1), ..cx(&d, &s, &p) };
+        assert_eq!(snap.hover(&c, at, &[], None), Point::new(200.0, 200.0));
+        assert_eq!(labels(snap.guides()), ["anchor"]);
+        // The same revision: the targets are the ones gathered (the document isn't read again).
+        let c = ToolContext { revision: (1, 1), ..cx(&empty, &s, &p) };
+        assert_eq!(snap.hover(&c, at, &[], None), Point::new(200.0, 200.0));
+        // A new revision, or a press, reads it.
+        let c = ToolContext { revision: (1, 2), ..cx(&empty, &s, &p) };
+        assert_eq!(snap.hover(&c, at, &[], None), at);
+        assert!(snap.guides().is_empty());
+        let c = ToolContext { revision: (1, 2), ..cx(&d, &s, &p) };
+        assert_eq!(snap.press(&c, at, &[], None), Point::new(200.0, 200.0));
+        // The drag keeps what the press gathered, though the document now shows its preview.
+        let c = ToolContext { revision: (1, 3), ..cx(&empty, &s, &p) };
+        assert_eq!(snap.drag(&c, at, None), Point::new(200.0, 200.0));
+        snap.clear();
+        assert!(snap.guides().is_empty());
+        // Snap to Grid wins over Smart Guides, Shift still keeping the angle.
+        let c = ToolContext { snap_to_grid: true, ..cx(&d, &s, &p) };
+        let from = Leave::segment(&c, Point::ZERO, true);
+        let q = snap.press(&c, Point::new(31.0, 2.0), &[], Some(&from));
+        assert!((q.y - 0.0).abs() < 1e-9, "{q:?}");
+    }
 }

crates/tools/src/lib.rs

@@ -216,6 +216,10 @@ impl ScreenFrame {
 /// Read-only context a tool sees.
 pub struct ToolContext<'a> {
     pub doc: &'a Document,
+    /// Which open document `doc` is (its process-unique id) and its revision, which moves with
+    /// every change of the document or the selection: what a tool keeps between pointer events
+    /// for the document as it is (the snap targets of hovering) is keyed on it.
+    pub revision: (u64, u64),
     pub selection: &'a Selection,
     /// Screen pixels per document point.
     pub zoom: f64,
@@ -319,6 +323,10 @@ pub struct ToolContext<'a> {
     /// Smart Guides → Snapping Tolerance (screen pixels): how near a smart guide target pulls the
     /// pointer, a dragged edge or a drawn point.
     pub snapping_tolerance: f64,
+    /// Smart Guides → Construction Guides: the angles (degrees, counter-clockwise from the x axis
+    /// as seen on the page) of the lines through the point a drawn point leaves from, onto which a
+    /// point near one lands ([`guides::construction_angles`]); none with the option off.
+    pub construction_angles: &'static [f64],
     /// The document window (none headless): screen-fixed widgets sit in it.
     pub screen: Option<ScreenFrame>,
     /// Where the Plane Switching Widget sits (Perspective Grid Options); None while it's hidden.
@@ -631,6 +639,7 @@ pub(crate) mod testutil {
     pub fn cx<'a>(d: &'a Document, s: &'a Selection, p: &'a PaintDefaults) -> ToolContext<'a> {
         ToolContext {
             doc: d,
+            revision: (0, 0),
             selection: s,
             zoom: 1.0,
             isolation: None,
@@ -675,6 +684,7 @@ pub(crate) mod testutil {
             measurement_labels: true,
             transform_tools_guides: true,
             snapping_tolerance: 4.0,
+            construction_angles: guides::construction_angles(guides::DEFAULT_CONSTRUCTION_ANGLES),
             screen: None,
             plane_widget: Some(Default::default()),
         }

crates/tools/src/pen.rs

@@ -16,6 +16,10 @@
 //! segment of a selected path adds an anchor there and a click on one of its anchors deletes it
 //! (Shift held or General → Disable Auto Add/Delete starts a new path instead). On a selected
 //! blend's spine a click adds a point (on a point no key object sits on: deletes it).
+//! Each anchor placed snaps to Smart Guides ([`DrawSnap`]): onto the anchors, centres and paths of
+//! the other art and of the path being drawn, into line with them, onto the construction guides
+//! through the last anchor; with Shift held it slides along its 45° step into line. Hovering shows
+//! where the next one would go.
 
 use serde_json::json;
 use vectorcraft_doc::{NodeId, NodeKind};
@@ -23,6 +27,7 @@ use vectorcraft_geom::{BezPath, Point};
 
 use crate::direct::hit_handle;
 use crate::draw2::AnchorTool;
+use crate::guides::{DrawSnap, Leave};
 use crate::{Action, Cursor, Mods, Overlay, PointerEvent, PointerKind, Tool, ToolContext, ToolKey};
 
 #[derive(Default)]
@@ -43,6 +48,8 @@ pub struct PenTool {
     handle: Option<(NodeId, usize, usize, Point)>,
     /// The Anchor Point tool, while an Alt gesture on a selected path's handle or anchor lasts.
     convert: Option<AnchorTool>,
+    /// Smart Guides for the anchors placed (and the pointer hovering).
+    snap: DrawSnap,
 }
 
 /// An anchor being placed, as the press decided: where it is, the path it goes on (none: the
@@ -116,8 +123,6 @@ impl Tool for PenTool {
         self.drag.is_some() || self.handle.is_some() || self.convert.is_some()
     }
     fn pointer(&mut self, cx: &ToolContext, ev: &PointerEvent) -> Vec<Action> {
-        let exclude: Vec<vectorcraft_doc::NodeId> = if self.drawing { cx.selection.objects.clone() } else { vec![] };
-        let (mut p, _) = if matches!(ev.kind, PointerKind::Down) { crate::guides::snap_draw(cx, ev.pos, &exclude) } else { (ev.pos, vec![]) };
         let tol = cx.tol(5.0);
         // The path a press began is the selected one by the next event.
         if self.drawing && self.path.is_none() {
@@ -127,6 +132,14 @@ impl Tool for PenTool {
         if self.drawing && active.is_none() && ev.kind == PointerKind::Down {
             self.stop();
         }
+        // The path being drawn moves its bounds as it grows: only its anchors and segments pull.
+        let drawn = active.map(|a| a.0);
+        let from = active.map(|(_, _, last, _)| Leave::segment(cx, last, ev.mods.shift));
+        let p = match ev.kind {
+            PointerKind::Move => self.snap.hover(cx, ev.pos, drawn.as_slice(), from.as_ref()),
+            PointerKind::Down => self.snap.press(cx, ev.pos, drawn.as_slice(), from.as_ref()),
+            _ => ev.pos,
+        };
         match ev.kind {
             PointerKind::Move => {
                 self.hover = Some(p);
@@ -135,9 +148,6 @@ impl Tool for PenTool {
             PointerKind::Down => {
                 self.last = ev.pos;
                 if let Some((id, first, last, _)) = active {
-                    if ev.mods.shift {
-                        p = last + vectorcraft_geom::constrain_angle(p - last, 45.0);
-                    }
                     let end = last_anchor(cx, id);
                     // A one-anchor path doesn't close on itself: its anchor is the last one too.
                     if p.distance(first) <= tol && end.is_some_and(|(_, ai)| ai > 0) {
@@ -230,6 +240,7 @@ impl Tool for PenTool {
                 )]
             }
             PointerKind::Up => {
+                self.snap.clear();
                 if let Some(mut t) = self.convert.take() {
                     return t.pointer(cx, ev);
                 }
@@ -251,6 +262,7 @@ impl Tool for PenTool {
                 self.stop();
                 self.drag = None;
                 self.handle = None;
+                self.snap.clear();
                 // An Alt gesture under way ends as it stands.
                 self.convert.take().map(|mut t| t.deactivate(cx)).unwrap_or_default()
             }
@@ -259,25 +271,30 @@ impl Tool for PenTool {
     }
     fn deactivate(&mut self, cx: &ToolContext) -> Vec<Action> {
         self.stop();
+        self.snap.clear();
         self.convert.take().map(|mut t| t.deactivate(cx)).unwrap_or_default()
     }
     fn overlays(&self, cx: &ToolContext) -> Vec<Overlay> {
         if let Some(t) = &self.convert {
             return t.overlays(cx);
         }
-        if !cx.pen_rubber_band || self.drag.is_some() || self.handle.is_some() {
-            return vec![];
+        let mut o = vec![];
+        if cx.pen_rubber_band
+            && self.drag.is_none()
+            && self.handle.is_none()
+            && let (Some((id, _, last, out)), Some(h)) = (self.active(cx), self.hover)
+        {
+            let mut bp = BezPath::new();
+            bp.move_to(last);
+            if out.distance(last) > 1e-9 {
+                bp.quad_to(out, h);
+            } else {
+                bp.line_to(h);
+            }
+            o.push(Overlay::Path { path: bp, color: cx.doc.layer_color(id), width: 1.0, dashed: false });
         }
-        let (Some((id, _, last, out)), Some(h)) = (self.active(cx), self.hover) else { return vec![] };
-        let mut bp = BezPath::new();
-        bp.move_to(last);
-        if out.distance(last) > 1e-9 {
-            bp.quad_to(out, h);
-        } else {
-            bp.line_to(h);
-        }
-        let c = cx.doc.layer_color(id);
-        vec![Overlay::Path { path: bp, color: c, width: 1.0, dashed: false }]
+        o.extend_from_slice(self.snap.guides());
+        o
     }
     fn cursor(&self, cx: &ToolContext, p: Point, m: Mods) -> Cursor {
         let tol = cx.tol(5.0);
@@ -614,6 +631,31 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(matches!(&a[..], [Action::Begin(_), Action::Preview(c, _)] if c == "path.create"), "{a:?}");
     }
 
+    /// Each anchor snaps to Smart Guides (#506): hovering shows where it goes (the rubber band ends
+    /// there), in line with another object's centre; Shift slides it along its 45° step into line.
+    #[test]
+    fn anchors_snap_to_smart_guides() {
+        let (d, id, s) = drawing(vectorcraft_geom::SubPath::polyline(&[Point::new(10.0, 300.0), Point::new(60.0, 300.0)], false));
+        let p = paint();
+        let cx = cx(&d, &s, &p);
+        let mut t = PenTool { drawing: true, ..PenTool::default() };
+        t.pointer(&cx, &PointerEvent::new(PointerKind::Move, 152.0, 318.0));
+        let o = t.overlays(&cx);
+        assert!(o.iter().any(|o| matches!(o, Overlay::Label { text, p, .. } if text == "align" && *p == Point::new(150.0, 318.0))), "{o:?}");
+        assert!(o.iter().any(
+            |o| matches!(o, Overlay::Path { path, .. } if path.elements().last().and_then(|e| e.end_point()) == Some(Point::new(150.0, 318.0)))
+        ));
+        let a = click(&mut t, &cx, 152.0, 318.0, Mods::default());
+        assert_eq!(a[1], Action::Preview("path.appendAnchor".into(), json!({"id": id.0, "x": 150.0, "y": 318.0})));
+        let shift = Mods { shift: true, ..Mods::default() };
+        let a = click(&mut t, &cx, 152.0, 310.0, shift);
+        assert_eq!(a[1], Action::Preview("path.appendAnchor".into(), json!({"id": id.0, "x": 150.0, "y": 300.0})));
+        // The first anchor of a new path lands on the rect's corner.
+        let mut t = PenTool::default();
+        let a = click(&mut t, &cx, 102.0, 99.0, Mods::default());
+        assert_eq!(a[1], Action::Preview("path.create".into(), json!({"anchors": [{"x": 100.0, "y": 100.0}]})));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn alt_over_a_shown_handle_or_an_anchor_converts() {
         // The middle anchor is smooth: handles at (150, 100) and (250, 100) round (200, 100).

crates/tools/src/shape.rs

@@ -2,11 +2,13 @@
 //!
 //! Drag draws (Shift constrains to square/circle/45°, Alt draws from the centre, Space held moves
 //! the shape being drawn); a click without a drag asks the UI for the size dialog (like
-//! Illustrator). ↑/↓ during a polygon/star drag change the side/point count.
+//! Illustrator). ↑/↓ during a polygon/star drag change the side/point count. The start point and
+//! the dragged corner snap to Smart Guides ([`DrawSnap`]), hovering before the press too.
 
 use serde_json::{Value, json};
 use vectorcraft_geom::{Point, Rect};
 
+use crate::guides::{DrawSnap, Leave, square};
 use crate::{Action, Cursor, Mods, Overlay, PointerEvent, PointerKind, Tool, ToolContext, ToolKey};
 
 pub struct ShapeTool {
@@ -20,7 +22,7 @@ pub struct ShapeTool {
     pub corner_radius: f64,
     /// Star inner radius as a fraction of the outer radius.
     pub star_ratio: f64,
-    guides: Vec<Overlay>,
+    snap: DrawSnap,
 }
 
 impl ShapeTool {
@@ -43,7 +45,7 @@ impl ShapeTool {
             points: 5,
             corner_radius: 12.0,
             star_ratio: 0.5,
-            guides: vec![],
+            snap: DrawSnap::default(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -58,7 +60,18 @@ impl ShapeTool {
         }
     }
 
-    /// The command for the current drag.
+    /// How the dragged point keeps to the start: a polygon's or star's radius goes anywhere, a
+    /// line is a segment (Shift: 45° steps), the rest are boxes (Shift: a square).
+    fn leave(&self, cx: &ToolContext, start: Point, m: Mods) -> Option<Leave> {
+        match self.id {
+            "polygon" | "star" => None,
+            "lineSegment" => Some(Leave::segment(cx, start, m.shift)),
+            _ => Some(Leave::diagonal(start, m.shift)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The command for a drag from `start` to `p` (snapped: a line's end already keeps Shift's
+    /// angle).
     pub fn command(&self, start: Point, p: Point, m: Mods) -> (String, Value) {
         match self.id {
             "polygon" | "star" => {
@@ -76,7 +89,6 @@ impl ShapeTool {
             }
             "lineSegment" => {
                 let (a, b) = if m.alt { (start - (p - start), p) } else { (start, p) };
-                let b = if m.shift { a + vectorcraft_geom::constrain_angle(b - a, 45.0) } else { b };
                 ("shape.line".into(), json!({ "x1": a.x, "y1": a.y, "x2": b.x, "y2": b.y }))
             }
             _ => {
@@ -104,11 +116,7 @@ pub(crate) fn space_moves(start: &mut Point, last: &mut Point, ev: &PointerEvent
 /// The rectangle a drag from `start` to `p` draws: Shift makes it a square, Alt draws it from its
 /// centre.
 pub(crate) fn drag_rect(start: Point, p: Point, m: Mods) -> Rect {
-    let mut d = p - start;
-    if m.shift {
-        let s = d.x.abs().max(d.y.abs());
-        d = vectorcraft_geom::Vec2::new(s * d.x.signum(), s * d.y.signum());
-    }
+    let d = if m.shift { square(p - start) } else { p - start };
     if m.alt { Rect::from_points(start - d, start + d) } else { Rect::from_points(start, start + d) }
 }
 
@@ -121,8 +129,12 @@ impl Tool for ShapeTool {
     }
     fn pointer(&mut self, cx: &ToolContext, ev: &PointerEvent) -> Vec<Action> {
         match ev.kind {
+            PointerKind::Move => {
+                self.snap.hover(cx, ev.pos, &[], None);
+                vec![]
+            }
             PointerKind::Down => {
-                let (p, _) = crate::guides::snap_draw(cx, ev.pos, &[]);
+                let p = self.snap.press(cx, ev.pos, &[], None);
                 self.start = Some(p);
                 self.last = ev.pos;
                 self.began = false;
@@ -130,8 +142,7 @@ impl Tool for ShapeTool {
             }
             PointerKind::Drag => {
                 let Some(mut s) = self.start else { return vec![] };
-                let (pos, g) = crate::guides::snap_draw(cx, ev.pos, &[]);
-                self.guides = g;
+                let pos = self.snap.drag(cx, ev.pos, self.leave(cx, s, ev.mods).as_ref());
                 let ev = &PointerEvent { pos, ..*ev };
                 space_moves(&mut s, &mut self.last, ev, self.began);
                 self.start = Some(s);
@@ -150,7 +161,7 @@ impl Tool for ShapeTool {
             }
             PointerKind::Up => {
                 let Some(s) = self.start.take() else { return vec![] };
-                self.guides.clear();
+                self.snap.clear();
                 if self.began {
                     self.began = false;
                     vec![Action::Commit]
@@ -196,23 +207,26 @@ impl Tool for ShapeTool {
         } else if key == ToolKey::Escape {
             self.start = None;
             self.began = false;
+            self.snap.clear();
             vec![Action::Cancel]
         } else {
             vec![]
         }
     }
     fn overlays(&self, cx: &ToolContext) -> Vec<Overlay> {
-        match self.start {
-            Some(s) if self.began => {
-                let d = self.last - s;
-                let mut o = self.guides.clone();
-                if cx.measurement_labels {
-                    o.push(Overlay::Measure { p: self.last, text: cx.size_label(d.x.abs(), d.y.abs()) });
+        let mut o = self.snap.guides().to_vec();
+        if let Some(s) = self.start.filter(|_| self.began && cx.measurement_labels) {
+            // A box's size as drawn (from its centre with Alt, square with Shift).
+            let (w, h) = match self.id {
+                "polygon" | "star" | "lineSegment" => ((self.last - s).x.abs(), (self.last - s).y.abs()),
+                _ => {
+                    let r = drag_rect(s, self.last, self.mods);
+                    (r.width(), r.height())
                 }
-                o
-            }
-            _ => vec![],
+            };
+            o.push(Overlay::Measure { p: self.last, text: cx.size_label(w, h) });
         }
+        o
     }
     fn cursor(&self, _cx: &ToolContext, _p: Point, _m: Mods) -> Cursor {
         Cursor::Crosshair
@@ -310,4 +324,36 @@ mod tests {
         let a = t.key(&cx, ToolKey::Up, Mods::default());
         assert!(matches!(&a[0], Action::Preview(_, v) if v["sides"] == 7));
     }
+
+    /// The start and the dragged corner land on another object's anchors (#506), hovering shows
+    /// it before the press, and the measurement label gives the size drawn.
+    #[test]
+    fn corners_snap_to_smart_guides() {
+        let (d, _) = doc_with_rect();
+        let s = Selection::default();
+        let p = paint();
+        let cx = cx(&d, &s, &p);
+        let mut t = ShapeTool::new("rectangle");
+        let anchor = |o: &[Overlay], at: Point| o.iter().any(|o| matches!(o, Overlay::Label { text, p, .. } if text == "anchor" && *p == at));
+        t.pointer(&cx, &PointerEvent::new(PointerKind::Move, 98.0, 102.0));
+        assert!(anchor(&t.overlays(&cx), Point::new(100.0, 100.0)));
+        t.pointer(&cx, &PointerEvent::new(PointerKind::Down, 98.0, 102.0));
+        let a = t.pointer(&cx, &PointerEvent::new(PointerKind::Drag, 198.0, 202.0));
+        assert_eq!(a[1], Action::Preview("shape.rectangle".into(), json!({"x": 100.0, "y": 100.0, "width": 100.0, "height": 100.0})));
+        let o = t.overlays(&cx);
+        assert!(anchor(&o, Point::new(200.0, 200.0)), "{o:?}");
+        assert!(o.iter().any(|o| matches!(o, Overlay::Measure { text, .. } if text == &cx.size_label(100.0, 100.0))));
+        // Alt draws from the centre: the label gives the whole size.
+        let alt = Mods { alt: true, ..Mods::default() };
+        t.pointer(&cx, &PointerEvent::new(PointerKind::Drag, 198.0, 202.0).with_mods(alt));
+        assert!(t.overlays(&cx).iter().any(|o| matches!(o, Overlay::Measure { text, .. } if text == &cx.size_label(200.0, 200.0))));
+        t.pointer(&cx, &PointerEvent::new(PointerKind::Up, 198.0, 202.0));
+        assert!(t.overlays(&cx).is_empty());
+        // A line with Shift keeps to 45° steps, sliding into line with the rect's right side.
+        let mut t = ShapeTool::new("lineSegment");
+        t.pointer(&cx, &PointerEvent::new(PointerKind::Down, 300.0, 300.0));
+        let shift = Mods { shift: true, ..Mods::default() };
+        let a = t.pointer(&cx, &PointerEvent::new(PointerKind::Drag, 203.0, 302.0).with_mods(shift));
+        assert!(matches!(&a[..], [_, Action::Preview(_, v)] if v["x2"] == 200.0 && (v["y2"].as_f64().unwrap() - 300.0).abs() < 1e-9), "{a:?}");
+    }
 }

crates/tools/src/text.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@
 //! Type: click places point type, drag draws an area-type frame, clicking into existing text
 //! places the caret. Area Type / Type on a Path: click a path to turn it into a text frame or a
 //! baseline (`text.createInPath`). Point type placed by a click and left empty is discarded when
-//! editing ends (`text.discardEmpty`); frames keep their shape.
+//! editing ends (`text.discardEmpty`); frames keep their shape. Where new type goes (the click, the
+//! frame's corners) snaps to Smart Guides ([`DrawSnap`]), hovering too.
 //!
 //! While editing: caret movement by character / word (Cmd or Alt) / line (Up/Down) / line ends
 //! (Home/End; Cmd = whole text), Shift extends the selection, drag selects, double-click selects a
@@ -27,6 +28,7 @@ use vectorcraft_doc::{NodeId, NodeKind, TextKind, TextObject, TextRun};
 use vectorcraft_geom::{BezPath, Point, Rect, Shape};
 use vectorcraft_text::{FontDb, TextLayout, edit};
 
+use crate::guides::DrawSnap;
 use crate::{Action, Cursor, Mods, Overlay, PointerEvent, PointerKind, Tool, ToolContext, ToolKey};
 
 /// Which of the Type tools this is.
@@ -68,8 +70,12 @@ pub struct TypeTool {
     goal_x: Option<f64>,
     typing: Option<Typing>,
     preedit: Option<Preedit>,
-    press: Option<Point>,
+    /// Where the button went down, and where new type goes from there (snapped to Smart Guides).
+    press: Option<(Point, Point)>,
+    /// The other corner of an area dragged out (snapped).
     drag: Option<Point>,
+    /// Smart Guides for where new type goes.
+    snap: DrawSnap,
     /// The press landed in the edited text: dragging selects.
     selecting: bool,
     /// Click counting for double/triple click (position of the last click, count).
@@ -252,7 +258,8 @@ impl TypeTool {
         Some(out)
     }
 
-    fn on_up(&mut self, cx: &ToolContext, start: Point) -> Vec<Action> {
+    /// The button released after a press at `start` (new type goes at `at`).
+    fn on_up(&mut self, cx: &ToolContext, start: Point, at: Point) -> Vec<Action> {
         // Click into existing text: place the caret.
         if let Some(out) = self.edit_at(cx, start) {
             return out;
@@ -272,10 +279,10 @@ impl TypeTool {
                 return out;
             }
         }
-        let area = drag.map(|d| Rect::from_points(start, d)).filter(|r| r.width() > cx.tol(6.0) && r.height() > cx.tol(6.0));
+        let area = drag.map(|d| Rect::from_points(at, d)).filter(|r| r.width() > cx.tol(6.0) && r.height() > cx.tol(6.0));
         let mut params = match area {
             Some(r) => json!({"x": r.x0, "y": r.y0, "text": "", "area": {"width": r.width(), "height": r.height()}}),
-            None => json!({"x": start.x, "y": start.y, "text": ""}),
+            None => json!({"x": at.x, "y": at.y, "text": ""}),
         };
         params["vertical"] = json!(self.vertical);
         params["placeholder"] = json!(cx.placeholder_text);
@@ -386,7 +393,7 @@ impl Tool for TypeTool {
                     self.selecting = true;
                     return out;
                 }
-                self.press = Some(ev.pos);
+                self.press = Some((ev.pos, self.snap.press(cx, ev.pos, self.editing.as_slice(), None)));
                 self.drag = None;
                 vec![]
             }
@@ -398,7 +405,7 @@ impl Tool for TypeTool {
                         self.clicks = (None, 0);
                     }
                 } else if self.press.is_some() {
-                    self.drag = Some(ev.pos);
+                    self.drag = Some(self.snap.drag(cx, ev.pos, None));
                 }
                 vec![]
             }
@@ -407,8 +414,9 @@ impl Tool for TypeTool {
                     self.selecting = false;
                     return vec![];
                 }
-                let Some(start) = self.press.take() else { return vec![] };
-                self.on_up(cx, start)
+                self.snap.clear();
+                let Some((start, at)) = self.press.take() else { return vec![] };
+                self.on_up(cx, start, at)
             }
             PointerKind::DoubleClick => {
                 if self.editing.is_some() && self.hit_edited(cx, ev.pos).is_some() {
@@ -417,7 +425,11 @@ impl Tool for TypeTool {
                 }
                 vec![]
             }
-            PointerKind::Move => vec![],
+            PointerKind::Move => {
+                // The type being edited is no target: its guides would only point at itself.
+                self.snap.hover(cx, ev.pos, self.editing.as_slice(), None);
+                vec![]
+            }
         }
     }
     fn text_input(&mut self, cx: &ToolContext, s: &str) -> Vec<Action> {
@@ -700,8 +712,8 @@ impl Tool for TypeTool {
         }
     }
     fn overlays(&self, cx: &ToolContext) -> Vec<Overlay> {
-        let mut o = vec![];
-        if let (Some(s), Some(d)) = (self.press, self.drag) {
+        let mut o = self.snap.guides().to_vec();
+        if let (Some((_, s)), Some(d)) = (self.press, self.drag) {
             o.push(Overlay::Marquee(Rect::from_points(s, d)));
         }
         // Overflow markers on selected text.

crates/tools/src/text_tests.rs

@@ -335,3 +335,24 @@ fn hebrew_typing_and_visual_arrows_keep_logical_text() {
     let NodeKind::Text(t) = &d.node(id).unwrap().kind else { panic!() };
     assert_eq!(t.plain_text(), "שלום");
 }
+
+/// Where new type goes snaps to Smart Guides (#506): a click beside a rect lines up with its
+/// centre, and hovering shows it first; an area's corners land on its anchors.
+#[test]
+fn new_type_snaps_to_smart_guides() {
+    let (d, _) = crate::testutil::doc_with_rect();
+    let (sel, p) = (Selection::default(), paint());
+    let c = cx(&d, &sel, &p);
+    let mut tool = TypeTool::new("type");
+    tool.pointer(&c, &PointerEvent::new(PointerKind::Move, 151.0, 330.0));
+    assert!(tool.overlays(&c).iter().any(|o| matches!(o, Overlay::Label { text, p, .. } if text == "align" && *p == Point::new(150.0, 330.0))));
+    tool.pointer(&c, &PointerEvent::new(PointerKind::Down, 151.0, 330.0));
+    let acts = tool.pointer(&c, &PointerEvent::new(PointerKind::Up, 151.0, 330.0));
+    assert!(acts.iter().any(|a| matches!(a, Action::Exec(cmd, v) if cmd == "text.create" && v["x"] == 150.0 && v["y"] == 330.0)), "{acts:?}");
+    let mut tool = TypeTool::new("type");
+    tool.pointer(&c, &PointerEvent::new(PointerKind::Down, 102.0, 98.0));
+    tool.pointer(&c, &PointerEvent::new(PointerKind::Drag, 199.0, 202.0));
+    let acts = tool.pointer(&c, &PointerEvent::new(PointerKind::Up, 199.0, 202.0));
+    let area = json!({"width": 100.0, "height": 100.0});
+    assert!(acts.iter().any(|a| matches!(a, Action::Exec(cmd, v) if cmd == "text.create" && v["x"] == 100.0 && v["area"] == area)), "{acts:?}");
+}

crates/tools/src/xform/artboard.rs

@@ -8,14 +8,14 @@
 //! the Selection tool. Moving and resizing snap like drawing
 //! does: to whole pixels, to the grid, or with Smart Guides to other artboards, their bleed and
 //! objects (never to the dragged artboard or the art moving with it); the artboard's own bleed edges
-//! snap too.
+//! snap too. A new artboard's corners snap as drawn points do ([`DrawSnap`]).
 
 use serde_json::{Value, json};
 use vectorcraft_geom::{Point, Rect, Vec2};
 
 use super::{BLUE, polygon, rect_corners};
 use crate::bbox::{Handle, hit_handle, move_delta, scale_for_drag};
-use crate::guides::Targets;
+use crate::guides::{DrawSnap, Leave, Targets};
 use crate::{Action, Cursor, Mods, Overlay, PointerEvent, PointerKind, Tool, ToolContext, ToolKey};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
@@ -57,11 +57,13 @@ pub struct ArtboardTool {
     copy_targets: Option<Targets>,
     /// Smart Guides shown while dragging.
     guides: Vec<Overlay>,
+    /// Smart Guides for the corners of a new artboard.
+    draw: DrawSnap,
 }
 
 impl Default for ArtboardTool {
     fn default() -> Self {
-        Self { active: 0, move_art: true, drag: None, preview: None, targets: None, copy_targets: None, guides: vec![] }
+        Self { active: 0, move_art: true, drag: None, preview: None, targets: None, copy_targets: None, guides: vec![], draw: DrawSnap::default() }
     }
 }
 
@@ -134,6 +136,7 @@ impl ArtboardTool {
         self.targets = None;
         self.copy_targets = None;
         self.guides.clear();
+        self.draw.clear();
     }
 }
 
@@ -171,7 +174,7 @@ impl Tool for ArtboardTool {
                     self.active = i;
                     self.drag = Some(Drag::Move { index: i, start: p, rect: a.rect, began: false, copy: false });
                 } else {
-                    let (p, _) = crate::guides::snap_draw(cx, p, &[]);
+                    let p = self.draw.press(cx, p, &[], None);
                     self.drag = Some(Drag::Create { start: p, cur: p });
                 }
                 vec![]
@@ -213,12 +216,7 @@ impl Tool for ArtboardTool {
                 out
             }
             (PointerKind::Drag, Some(Drag::Create { start, .. })) => {
-                let (mut cur, _) = crate::guides::snap_draw(cx, p, &[]);
-                if m.shift {
-                    let d = cur - start;
-                    let s = d.x.abs().max(d.y.abs());
-                    cur = start + Vec2::new(s.copysign(d.x), s.copysign(d.y));
-                }
+                let cur = self.draw.drag(cx, p, Some(&Leave::diagonal(start, m.shift)));
                 self.drag = Some(Drag::Create { start, cur });
                 vec![]
             }
@@ -289,6 +287,7 @@ impl Tool for ArtboardTool {
     fn overlays(&self, cx: &ToolContext) -> Vec<Overlay> {
         let mut o = vec![];
         if let Some(Drag::Create { start, cur }) = self.drag {
+            o.extend_from_slice(self.draw.guides());
             let r = Rect::from_points(start, cur);
             o.push(Overlay::Marquee(r));
             if cx.measurement_labels {

crates/ui-egui/src/canvas.rs

@@ -864,9 +864,14 @@ fn ruler_rects(full: egui::Rect) -> [egui::Rect; 3] {
 /// ruler, snapped as a moved guide is (with Shift to the ruler's ticks). Released anywhere else,
 /// it makes none.
 fn ruler_guides(app: &mut VectorcraftApp, ui: &Ui, full: egui::Rect, canvas: egui::Rect, xf: &Xf) {
-    let [top, left, _] = ruler_rects(full);
+    let [top, left, corner] = ruler_rects(full);
+    // Right-click on a ruler or the origin box: the document units, to swap between them as
+    // Preferences ▸ Units ▸ General does ([`crate::menus::ruler_menu_body`]).
+    let mut unit_clicked = None;
     for (r, vertical, id) in [(top, false, "ruler-top"), (left, true, "ruler-left")] {
-        let resp = ui.interact(r, egui::Id::new(id), Sense::drag());
+        // Click-and-drag so the same widget drags out guides (left) and opens the unit menu (right).
+        let resp = ui.interact(r, egui::Id::new(id), Sense::click_and_drag());
+        resp.context_menu(|ui| crate::menus::ruler_menu_body(app, ui, &mut unit_clicked));
         let kind = if resp.drag_stopped() {
             PointerKind::Up
         } else if resp.dragged() {
@@ -885,6 +890,11 @@ fn ruler_guides(app: &mut VectorcraftApp, ui: &Ui, full: egui::Rect, canvas: egu
             app.status(e.to_string());
         }
     }
+    let corner = ui.interact(corner, egui::Id::new("ruler-corner"), Sense::click());
+    corner.context_menu(|ui| crate::menus::ruler_menu_body(app, ui, &mut unit_clicked));
+    if let Some((id, p)) = unit_clicked {
+        crate::menus::invoke(app, &id, p);
+    }
 }
 
 fn rulers(ui: &Ui, full: egui::Rect, xf: &Xf, hover: Option<Point>, unit: Unit, t: &Tokens) {

crates/ui-egui/src/chrome.rs

@@ -34,7 +34,8 @@ pub fn app_bar(app: &mut VectorcraftApp, ui: &mut Ui) {
                 app.run("app.home", json!({})).ok();
             }
             ui.add_space(2.0);
-            let menus_end = if app.native_menu {
+            // With the macOS menu bar the menus are at the top of the screen instead.
+            let menus_end = if app.services.native_menu.is_some() {
                 let full = ui.max_rect();
                 ui.painter().text(full.center(), egui::Align2::CENTER_CENTER, "VectorCraft", egui::FontId::proportional(13.5), t.text);
                 ui.cursor().min.x
@@ -173,6 +174,9 @@ pub fn anchor_buttons(app: &mut VectorcraftApp, ui: &mut Ui, controls: AnchorCon
     }
 }
 
+/// The room the Control bar's inline X/Y/W/H fields need; with less, only the Transform link shows.
+const INLINE_TRANSFORM_WIDTH: f32 = 440.0;
+
 /// The Control bar (Window → Control), context-sensitive like Illustrator's.
 pub fn control_bar(app: &mut VectorcraftApp, ui: &mut Ui) {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
@@ -279,9 +283,13 @@ pub fn control_bar(app: &mut VectorcraftApp, ui: &mut Ui) {
                     }
                 }
                 ui.separator();
-                // Transform fields.
+                // The Transform link opens the whole Transform panel (reference point, rotate,
+                // shear, options) in a popover; X/Y/W/H follow inline while the bar has room.
+                crate::panels::transform::link(app, ui);
                 // The bounding box, rotated with rotated objects: its centre and its own sides.
-                if let Some(b) = app.selection_box() {
+                if let Some(b) = app.selection_box()
+                    && ui.available_width() >= INLINE_TRANSFORM_WIDTH
+                {
                     let c = b.center();
                     let link = app.session.prefs.constrain_proportions;
                     for (k, lbl, v) in [("x", "X:", c.x), ("y", "Y:", c.y), ("width", "W:", b.rect.width()), ("height", "H:", b.rect.height())] {

crates/ui-egui/src/control.rs

@@ -91,6 +91,8 @@ pub fn inspect(app: &VectorcraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) -> Value {
         "activeDocument": app.session.active_index(),
         "perf": {"frameMs": app.perf.frame_ms, "renderMs": app.perf.render_ms, "fps": app.perf.fps},
         "graphicsAdapter": app.graphics_adapter,
+        // The menus are in the macOS menu bar rather than the window.
+        "nativeMenuBar": app.services.native_menu.is_some(),
         // Saves and exports still being written in the background (Background Save / Export).
         "background": app.background.jobs.iter().map(|j| j.label.as_str()).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
     })

crates/ui-egui/src/cursors.rs

@@ -348,8 +348,7 @@ fn rasterize(c: Cursor, ppp: f32) -> Option<CustomCursorImage> {
     let (w, h) = (size.x as usize, size.y as usize);
     let mut px = vec![[0.0; 4]; w * h];
     let corner = |v: &Vertex| (v.pos.to_vec2() * ppp - min, v.color);
-    for tri in mesh.indices.chunks_exact(3) {
-        let &[i, j, k] = tri else { continue };
+    for &[i, j, k] in mesh.indices.as_chunks::<3>().0 {
         if let (Some(a), Some(b), Some(c)) = (mesh.vertices.get(i as usize), mesh.vertices.get(j as usize), mesh.vertices.get(k as usize)) {
             fill_triangle(&mut px, w, [corner(a), corner(b), corner(c)]);
         }
@@ -463,7 +462,7 @@ mod tests {
                 assert_eq!(img.rgba.len(), w * h * 4, "{c:?}");
                 assert!(img.hotspot[0] < img.size[0] && img.hotspot[1] < img.size[1], "{c:?} at {ppp}: {img:?}");
                 assert!(w as f32 <= 50.0 * ppp && h as f32 <= 50.0 * ppp, "{c:?} at {ppp}: {img:?}");
-                assert!(img.rgba.chunks_exact(4).any(|p| p[3] == 255), "{c:?}: nothing opaque");
+                assert!(img.rgba.as_chunks::<4>().0.iter().any(|p| p[3] == 255), "{c:?}: nothing opaque");
             }
         }
         for c in [Cursor::Hand, Cursor::HandGrab, Cursor::ZoomIn, Cursor::ZoomOut, Cursor::NotAllowed] {
@@ -482,7 +481,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(pixel(&img, hx, hy)[3] > 0, "{:?}", pixel(&img, hx, hy));
         let body = pixel(&img, hx + 2, hy + 8);
         assert!(body[3] == 255 && body[..3].iter().all(|&c| c < 40), "{body:?}");
-        assert!(img.rgba.chunks_exact(4).any(|p| p[3] == 255 && p[..3].iter().all(|&c| c > 215)), "no white halo");
+        assert!(img.rgba.as_chunks::<4>().0.iter().any(|p| p[3] == 255 && p[..3].iter().all(|&c| c > 215)), "no white halo");
         // Nothing left of or above the tip but the halo.
         assert!((0..img.size[1] as usize).all(|y| pixel(&img, 0, y)[..3].iter().all(|&c| c > 100) || pixel(&img, 0, y)[3] < 128));
         // At twice the pixels per point, twice the pixels.

crates/ui-egui/src/dialogs/perspective_presets.rs

@@ -209,11 +209,6 @@ pub fn slot_preset(app: &VectorcraftApp, id: &str) -> Option<String> {
     app.session.prefs.perspective_presets.iter().filter(|p| p.kind == kind).nth(n.checked_sub(1)?).map(|p| p.name.clone())
 }
 
-/// How many saved presets the slots list (the native menu is rebuilt when this changes).
-pub fn listed_slots(app: &VectorcraftApp) -> usize {
-    (1..=3u8).map(|k| app.session.prefs.perspective_presets.iter().filter(|p| p.kind == k).count().min(SLOTS)).sum()
-}
-
 /// View → Perspective Grid → One/Two/Three Point Perspective (`kind` 1–3): the built-in views of
 /// the type, then the saved presets' slots (`slots`, the type's ids).
 pub fn menu(kind: u8, slots: [&'static str; SLOTS]) -> Vec<Item> {

crates/ui-egui/src/dialogs/tests_perspective.rs

@@ -141,7 +141,11 @@ fn the_presets_manager_creates_edits_and_deletes_presets() {
     assert_eq!(app.session.prefs.perspective_presets[0].opacity, 90.0);
     // Its type's menu lists it in a slot, which applies it.
     assert_eq!(crate::menus::dynamic_label(&app, "ui.perspectiveUserPreset3.1", ""), "Gorge");
-    assert!(crate::menus::hidden_slot(&app, "ui.perspectiveUserPreset3.2") && crate::menus::hidden_slot(&app, "ui.perspectiveUserPreset2.1"));
+    assert!(
+        ["ui.perspectiveUserPreset3.2", "ui.perspectiveUserPreset2.1"]
+            .iter()
+            .all(|id| crate::menus::shown_state(&app, id, &serde_json::Value::Null).is_none())
+    );
     app.run("ui.perspectiveUserPreset3.1", json!({})).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(grid(&app).name, "Gorge");
     // Delete selects the one above it.

crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/cs.tsv

@@ -143,6 +143,7 @@
 	Make Pixel Perfect	Zarovnat na obrazové body
 	Slice	Řez
 	Make	Vytvořit
+	Make and Expand	Vytvořit a rozložit
 	Release	Uvolnit
 	Create from Guides	Vytvořit z vodítek
 	Create from Selection	Vytvořit z výběru
@@ -199,8 +200,6 @@
 	Merge	Sloučit
 	Gap Options…	Možnosti mezer…
 	Image Trace	Vektorizace obrazu
-	Make…	Vytvořit…
-	Make and Expand…	Vytvořit a rozložit…
 	Text Wrap	Obtékání textu
 	Text Wrap Options…	Možnosti obtékání textu…
 	Clipping Mask	Ořezová maska
@@ -614,3 +613,24 @@
 	Float Panel	Plovoucí panel
 	Dock Panel	Ukotvit panel
 	Float Tool Group	Plovoucí skupina nástrojů
+
+# The macOS menu bar (native_menu): the app and Window menus' system items, Settings pages.
+	Services	Služby
+	Hide VectorCraft	Skrýt VectorCraft
+	Hide Others	Skrýt ostatní
+	Minimize	Minimalizovat
+	Zoom	Zvětšit
+	Bring All to Front	Převést vše do popředí
+	Settings	Nastavení
+	General	Obecné
+	Selection & Anchor Display	Výběr a zobrazení kotevních bodů
+	Units	Jednotky
+	Guides & Grid	Vodítka a mřížka
+	Hyphenation	Dělení slov
+	Performance & Storage	Výkon a úložiště
+	User Interface	Uživatelské rozhraní
+	Performance	Výkon
+	File Handling	Práce se soubory
+	Clipboard Handling	Práce se schránkou
+	Appearance of Black	Vzhled černé
+	Devices	Zařízení

crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/es.tsv

@@ -1369,7 +1369,6 @@
 	Make a theme on Create and save it.	Crea un tema en Crear y guárdalo.
 	Make all bleed settings the same	Usar el mismo valor en todos los sangrados
 	Make and Expand	Crear y expandir
-	Make and Expand…	Crear y expandir…
 	Make Clipping Mask	Crear máscara de recorte
 	Make Compound Shape	Crear forma compuesta
 	Make Envelope	Crear envolvente
@@ -1382,7 +1381,6 @@
 	Make with Top Object	Crear con objeto superior
 	Make with Warp…	Crear con deformación…
 	Make/Release Clipping Mask	Crear/soltar máscara de recorte
-	Make…	Crear…
 	Manage Workspaces	Administrar espacios de trabajo
 	Manage Workspaces…	Administrar espacios de trabajo…
 	Manually	Manualmente
@@ -2546,6 +2544,7 @@
 	Character:	Carácter:
 	Character options	Opciones de carácter
 	Stroke options	Opciones de trazo
+	Transform options	Opciones de transformación
 	Stroke Weight	Grosor de trazo
 	Stroke:	Trazo:
 	Stroke: click for swatches, Shift-click for the color mixer	Trazo: clic para muestras, Shift+clic para el mezclador de colores
@@ -3582,3 +3581,10 @@ axis	Both	Ambos
 @msg	{tool} isn't in a toolbar group of several tools	{tool} no está en un grupo de la barra de herramientas con varias herramientas
 @msg	onto must name a panel floating in another group	onto debe nombrar un panel que flote en otro grupo
 @msg	x and y must both be numbers	x e y deben ser números
+
+# The macOS menu bar (native_menu): the app and Window menus' system items, Settings pages.
+	Services	Servicios
+	Hide VectorCraft	Ocultar VectorCraft
+	Zoom	Zoom
+	Bring All to Front	Traer todo al frente
+	Settings	Ajustes

crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ja.tsv

@@ -233,8 +233,6 @@
 	Image Trace	画像トレース
 	Image Tracing	画像トレースオブジェクト
 	Tracing Presets	トレースプリセット
-	Make…	作成…
-	Make and Expand…	作成して拡張…
 	Text Wrap	テキストの回り込み
 	Text Wrap Options…	テキストの回り込みオプション…
 	Clipping Mask	クリッピングマスク
@@ -2352,6 +2350,7 @@
 	Character:	文字:
 	Character options	文字オプション
 	Stroke options	線オプション
+	Transform options	変形オプション
 	Stroke:	線:
 	Style	スタイル
 	Style Name:	スタイル名:
@@ -3048,3 +3047,11 @@ axis	Both	両方
 	Drag to float the toolbar	ドラッグしてツールバーをフローティング
 	Drag to the window's left edge to dock	ウィンドウの左端までドラッグしてドッキング
 	Float Tool Group	ツールグループをフローティング
+
+# The macOS menu bar (native_menu): the app and Window menus' system items, Settings pages.
+	Services	サービス
+	Hide VectorCraft	VectorCraft を隠す
+	Zoom	拡大/縮小
+	Bring All to Front	すべてを手前に移動
+	Settings	環境設定
+theme	Appearance	外観

crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/mod.rs

@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ fn plural_czech(n: u64) -> usize {
 }
 
 /// The registry. English first: it is the fallback and the source language.
-pub static LANGUAGES: [LangInfo; 7] = [
+pub static LANGUAGES: [LangInfo; 8] = [
     LangInfo { code: "en", name: "English", source: "", plural: plural_one_other, complete_menus: false, catalog: OnceLock::new() },
     // Japanese: the whole interface (every menu string and `tl!` literal), keeping the product,
     // workspace and perspective preset names in English (`MENU_KEEP_AS_IS`).
@@ -81,6 +81,16 @@ pub static LANGUAGES: [LangInfo; 7] = [
         complete_menus: true,
         catalog: OnceLock::new(),
     },
+    // Italian: the whole interface and the status and error messages, keeping the same names in
+    // English as Spanish; every `it-*` locale (`it-IT`, `it-CH`, `it-SM` …) resolves here.
+    LangInfo {
+        code: "it",
+        name: "Italiano",
+        source: include_str!("it.tsv"),
+        plural: plural_one_other,
+        complete_menus: true,
+        catalog: OnceLock::new(),
+    },
     // Brazilian Portuguese: every menu label (`menu_catalogs_translate_every_menu_label`), every
     // `tl!` literal and the plural messages; left English on purpose are the `MENU_KEEP_AS_IS`
     // strings (product name, language names, workspace names, perspective grid presets).

crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/pt-br.tsv

@@ -1242,13 +1242,11 @@
 	Make a theme on Create and save it.	Crie um tema em Criar e salve-o.
 	Make all bleed settings the same	Tornar todas as configurações de sangria iguais
 	Make and Expand	Criar e Expandir
-	Make and Expand…	Criar e Expandir…
 	Make the bleed values differ	Fazer os valores de sangria diferirem
 	Make with Mesh…	Criar com Malha…
 	Make with Top Object	Criar com Objeto Superior
 	Make with Warp…	Criar com Distorção…
 	Make/Release Clipping Mask	Criar/Liberar Máscara de Recorte
-	Make…	Criar…
 	Manage Workspaces	Gerenciar Espaços de Trabalho
 	Manage Workspaces…	Gerenciar Espaços de Trabalho…
 	Manually	Manualmente
@@ -2248,6 +2246,7 @@
 	Character:	Caractere:
 	Character options	Opções de caractere
 	Stroke options	Opções de traçado
+	Transform options	Opções de transformação
 	Stroke:	Traçado:
 	Style	Estilo
 	Style Name:	Nome do Estilo:
@@ -2636,3 +2635,11 @@
 	Float Panel	Flutuar Painel
 	Dock Panel	Encaixar Painel
 	Float Tool Group	Flutuar Grupo de Ferramentas
+
+# The macOS menu bar (native_menu): the app and Window menus' system items, Settings pages.
+	Services	Serviços
+	Hide VectorCraft	Ocultar o VectorCraft
+	Hide Others	Ocultar Outros
+	Zoom	Zoom
+	Bring All to Front	Trazer Todas para a Frente
+	Settings	Configurações

crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/tests.rs

@@ -15,6 +15,10 @@ fn tags_map_to_languages() {
     for tag in ["es", "es_ES.UTF-8", "es-MX", "es_AR", "es-419", "es-US"] {
         assert_eq!(lang_from_tag(tag), Lang::from_code("es"), "{tag}");
     }
+    // Italian: Italy, Switzerland and San Marino share the one catalog.
+    for tag in ["it", "it_IT.UTF-8", "it-CH", "it_SM"] {
+        assert_eq!(lang_from_tag(tag), Lang::from_code("it"), "{tag}");
+    }
     // Traditional Chinese: by region, by script, and with a region after the script.
     assert_eq!(lang_from_tag("zh_TW.UTF-8"), Some(ZH()));
     assert_eq!(lang_from_tag("zh-TW"), Some(ZH()));
@@ -167,6 +171,29 @@ fn partial_catalogs_only_translate_strings_the_ui_shows() {
     }
 }
 
+/// The engine learns the language the UI is drawn in each frame: new type takes the Japanese
+/// defaults while it is Japanese (#432). The frames stay in English: the drawing language is
+/// process-wide, and a Japanese frame would translate the tests running beside this one.
+#[test]
+fn the_engine_follows_the_interface_language() {
+    let mut app = crate::VectorcraftApp::new(vectorcraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+    let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+    let frame = |app: &mut crate::VectorcraftApp| {
+        ctx.run_ui(egui::RawInput::default(), |ui| app.logic(ui.ctx())).textures_delta.clear();
+    };
+    frame(&mut app);
+    assert_eq!(app.session.ui_language.as_deref(), Some("en"), "tests resolve `auto` to English");
+    assert!(!app.session.japanese_interface());
+    // Each frame hands the engine the language it draws in, whatever the engine had.
+    app.session.ui_language = Some("ja".into());
+    assert!(app.session.japanese_interface());
+    frame(&mut app);
+    assert_eq!(app.session.ui_language.as_deref(), Some("en"));
+    // The language a frame would draw in follows the preference.
+    app.session.prefs.interface_language = "ja".into();
+    assert_eq!(app.ui_language().code(), "ja");
+}
+
 /// VectorCraft › Language (`app.language`) sets the `interfaceLanguage` preference, which is what
 /// persists; the checked item follows the preference, and a bad code is an error, not a change.
 #[test]
@@ -391,9 +418,9 @@ fn cs() -> Lang {
 }
 
 /// Languages whose catalogs leave [`MENU_KEEP_AS_IS`] in English.
-const KEEPS_MENU_NAMES: [&str; 4] = ["cs", "es", "ja", "pt-br"];
+const KEEPS_MENU_NAMES: [&str; 5] = ["cs", "es", "it", "ja", "pt-br"];
 
-/// Menu labels the menu-complete catalogs (Czech, Spanish, Japanese, Brazilian Portuguese) show as they are: the product name, a format name, the built-in workspace
+/// Menu labels the menu-complete catalogs (Czech, Spanish, Italian, Japanese, Brazilian Portuguese) show as they are: the product name, a format name, the built-in workspace
 /// names and the perspective grid presets (names, shown untranslated wherever else they appear).
 /// Each language's own name in the Language menu is left alone too.
 const MENU_KEEP_AS_IS: &[&str] = &[
@@ -483,7 +510,7 @@ fn toggled_labels() -> Vec<String> {
     labels
 }
 
-/// Czech, Spanish, Japanese and Brazilian Portuguese cover every menu label, the Show/Hide pairs
+/// Czech, Spanish, Italian, Japanese and Brazilian Portuguese cover every menu label, the Show/Hide pairs
 /// and the canvas context menu included (panels and dialogs not yet).
 #[test]
 fn menu_catalogs_translate_every_menu_label() {
@@ -499,6 +526,9 @@ fn menu_catalogs_translate_every_menu_label() {
     let mut all: Vec<String> = labels.iter().filter(|l| interface(l)).map(|(l, ..)| l.to_string()).collect();
     all.extend(toggled_labels());
     all.extend(crate::menus::CONTEXT_LABELS.iter().map(|l| l.to_string()));
+    // The macOS menu bar's own labels, and its Settings submenu's Preferences pages.
+    all.extend(crate::native_menu::MAC_LABELS.iter().map(|l| l.to_string()));
+    all.extend(vectorcraft_engine::cmd::prefscmds::PREF_CATEGORIES.iter().map(|l| l.to_string()));
     all.sort();
     all.dedup();
     for code in KEEPS_MENU_NAMES {
@@ -514,12 +544,17 @@ fn menu_catalogs_translate_every_menu_label() {
     assert_eq!(tr(Lang::from_code("ja").expect("ja"), "File"), "ファイル");
     assert_eq!(tr(Lang::from_code("pt-br").expect("pt-br"), "File"), "Arquivo");
     assert_eq!(tr(es(), "File"), "Archivo");
+    assert_eq!(tr(it(), "Edit"), "Modifica");
 }
 
 fn es() -> Lang {
     Lang::from_code("es").expect("es registered")
 }
 
+fn it() -> Lang {
+    Lang::from_code("it").expect("it registered")
+}
+
 /// Spanish uses the vector-illustration vocabulary its users know, has two plural forms like
 /// English, and reads the same in the menus and in the panels.
 #[test]
@@ -541,6 +576,27 @@ fn spanish_reads_as_spanish() {
     assert_eq!(trn(es(), 3, "{n} Layer", "{n} Layers"), "3 capas");
 }
 
+/// Italian uses the vector-illustration vocabulary its users know, has two plural forms like
+/// English (zero takes the plural), and reads the same in the menus and in the panels.
+#[test]
+fn italian_reads_as_italian() {
+    for (en, want) in [
+        ("Artboard Tool", "Strumento Tavola da disegno"),
+        ("Swatches", "Campioni"),
+        ("Pathfinder", "Elaborazione tracciati"),
+        ("Stroke", "Traccia"),
+        ("Fill", "Riempimento"),
+        ("Direct Selection Tool", "Strumento Selezione diretta"),
+        ("Save As…", "Salva con nome…"),
+        ("Undo", "Annulla"),
+    ] {
+        assert_eq!(tr(it(), en), want);
+    }
+    assert_eq!(trn(it(), 1, "{n} Layer", "{n} Layers"), "1 livello");
+    assert_eq!(trn(it(), 0, "{n} Layer", "{n} Layers"), "0 livelli");
+    assert_eq!(trn(it(), 3, "{n} Layer", "{n} Layers"), "3 livelli");
+}
+
 /// Catalogs written with spaces between words keep a fragment's leading and trailing spaces: the
 /// hint bar and a few labels are joined from pieces (" to finish", "Press ").
 #[test]
@@ -559,11 +615,11 @@ fn czech_plurals_have_three_forms() {
     assert_eq!(forms, [2, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2]);
 }
 
-/// Czech and Spanish letters (and the punctuation their text uses) come from each family's own first font, not
+/// Czech, Spanish and Italian letters (and the punctuation their text uses) come from each family's own first font, not
 /// from a fallback further down the stack. (`has_glyph` can't tell: it counts characters of the
 /// face that draws missing glyphs, the first one, as missing.)
 #[test]
-fn czech_and_spanish_glyphs_are_available_without_system_fonts() {
+fn czech_spanish_and_italian_glyphs_are_available_without_system_fonts() {
     let ctx = egui::Context::default();
     crate::theme::install_fonts(&ctx);
     let mut output = ctx.run_ui(egui::RawInput::default(), |_| {});
@@ -574,7 +630,8 @@ fn czech_and_spanish_glyphs_are_available_without_system_fonts() {
             let first = first.unwrap();
             let mut font = fonts.fonts.font(&family);
             let chars = font.characters();
-            for ch in "áčďéěíňóřšťúůýžÁČĎÉĚÍŇÓŘŠŤÚŮÝŽ„“‚‘…–ñÑüÜ¿¡”".chars() {
+            for ch in "áčďéěíňóřšťúůýžÁČĎÉĚÍŇÓŘŠŤÚŮÝŽ„“‚‘…–ñÑüÜ¿¡”àèìòùÀÈÌÒÙ«»’".chars()
+            {
                 assert!(chars.get(&ch).is_some_and(|fonts| fonts.contains(&first)), "{first} ({family:?}) has no {ch}");
             }
         }
@@ -651,7 +708,7 @@ fn complete_languages_translate_every_message() {
 }
 
 /// Languages whose catalogs cover every status and error message.
-const COMPLETE_MESSAGES: &[&str] = &["es"];
+const COMPLETE_MESSAGES: &[&str] = &["es", "it"];
 
 /// Crates whose error and status messages reach the status bar.
 const MESSAGE_CRATES: &[&str] = &["ui-egui", "engine", "doc", "format", "svg", "pdf", "eps", "text", "plugins", "metafile", "cad"];

crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/zh-hans.tsv

@@ -1351,7 +1351,6 @@
 	Make a theme on Create and save it.	在“创建”中制作主题并存储。
 	Make all bleed settings the same	使所有出血设置相同
 	Make and Expand	创建并扩展
-	Make and Expand…	制作并展开…
 	Make Clipping Mask	制作剪切蒙版
 	Make Compound Shape	创建复合形状
 	Make Envelope	制作封套
@@ -1364,7 +1363,6 @@
 	Make with Top Object	用顶层对象创建
 	Make with Warp…	用变形创建…
 	Make/Release Clipping Mask	创建/释放剪切蒙版
-	Make…	制作…
 	Manage Workspaces	管理工作区
 	Manage Workspaces…	管理工作区…
 	Manually	手动
@@ -2484,6 +2482,7 @@
 	Character:	字符：
 	Character options	字符选项
 	Stroke options	描边选项
+	Transform options	变换选项
 	Stroke Weight	描边粗细
 	Stroke:	描边：
 	Stroke: click for swatches, Shift-click for the color mixer	描边：单击开启色板，按住 Shift 单击开启混色器
@@ -3305,3 +3304,9 @@ axis	Both	两者
 	Drag to float the toolbar	拖动以浮动工具栏
 	Drag to the window's left edge to dock	拖到窗口左边缘以停放
 	Float Tool Group	浮动工具组
+
+# The macOS menu bar (native_menu): the app and Window menus' system items, Settings pages.
+	Services	服务
+	Hide VectorCraft	隐藏 VectorCraft
+	Bring All to Front	前置全部窗口
+	Settings	设置

crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/zh-hant.tsv

@@ -1387,7 +1387,6 @@
 	Make a theme on Create and save it.	按一下「建立」即可製作主題並儲存。
 	Make all bleed settings the same	將所有出血設定設為相同
 	Make and Expand	製作並展開
-	Make and Expand…	製作並展開…
 	Make Clipping Mask	製作剪裁遮色片
 	Make Compound Shape	製作複合形狀
 	Make Envelope	製作封套
@@ -1400,7 +1399,6 @@
 	Make with Top Object	以最上層物件製作
 	Make with Warp…	以彎曲製作…
 	Make/Release Clipping Mask	製作／釋放剪裁遮色片
-	Make…	製作…
 	Manage Workspaces	管理工作區
 	Manage Workspaces…	管理工作區…
 	Manually	手動
@@ -2566,6 +2564,7 @@
 	Character:	字元：
 	Character options	字元選項
 	Stroke options	筆畫選項
+	Transform options	變形選項
 	Stroke Weight	筆畫寬度
 	Stroke:	筆畫：
 	Stroke: click for swatches, Shift-click for the color mixer	筆畫：按一下開啟色票，按住 Shift 按一下開啟混色器
@@ -3079,3 +3078,10 @@ axis	Both	兩者
 	Drag to float the toolbar	拖曳以浮動工具列
 	Drag to the window's left edge to dock	拖曳到視窗左側邊緣以停駐
 	Float Tool Group	浮動工具組
+
+# The macOS menu bar (native_menu): the app and Window menus' system items, Settings pages.
+	Services	服務
+	Hide VectorCraft	隱藏 VectorCraft
+	Zoom	縮放
+	Bring All to Front	將全部移至最前
+	Settings	設定

crates/ui-egui/src/lib.rs

@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ pub mod icon_data;
 pub mod icons;
 pub mod io;
 pub mod menus;
+pub mod native_menu;
 pub mod palette;
 pub mod panels;
 pub mod place;
@@ -78,6 +79,8 @@ mod tests_home;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests_labels;
 #[cfg(test)]
+mod tests_nativemenu;
+#[cfg(test)]
 mod tests_nativeoptions;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests_numfields;
@@ -228,6 +231,8 @@ pub struct Services {
     /// File → Print: the system's printers and print queue (desktop), the browser's print dialog
     /// (web). Without it Print saves the job as a PDF.
     pub print: Option<Box<dyn print::PrintService>>,
+    /// The macOS menu bar, when the desktop app installed one: the in-window menus are hidden then.
+    pub native_menu: Option<native_menu::NativeMenu>,
 }
 
 /// Cached canvas raster.
@@ -288,12 +293,11 @@ pub struct VectorcraftApp {
     pub perf: Perf,
     /// macOS: draw our own title strip under the traffic lights.
     pub integrated_titlebar: bool,
-    /// The host installed a native menu bar (macOS): don't draw in-window menus.
-    pub native_menu: bool,
     /// Last applied effect (Effect → Apply Last Effect).
     pub last_effect: Option<(String, serde_json::Value)>,
-    /// Commands whose shortcuts the native menu handles (skip them in egui to avoid double firing).
-    pub native_shortcuts: std::collections::HashSet<String>,
+    /// Commands run through [`Self::run`] so far: the native menu bar reads its rows again when it
+    /// moves ([`native_menu::sync`]).
+    run_count: u64,
     control_rx: Option<Receiver<ControlRequest>>,
     /// (token, path, reply, deadline ms): a window that isn't presented never delivers its frame.
     pending_screenshots: Vec<(u64, Option<String>, Sender<ControlResponse>, f64)>,
@@ -389,9 +393,8 @@ impl VectorcraftApp {
             },
             perf: Perf::default(),
             integrated_titlebar: false,
-            native_menu: false,
             last_effect: None,
-            native_shortcuts: Default::default(),
+            run_count: 0,
             clipboard_out: None,
             clipboard_published: None,
             clipboard_in: None,
@@ -477,6 +480,7 @@ impl VectorcraftApp {
 
     /// Run a UI or engine command by id. The single entry point for every frontend path.
     pub fn run(&mut self, id: &str, params: Value) -> Result<Value, String> {
+        self.run_count = self.run_count.wrapping_add(1);
         if let Some(r) = menus::run_ui_command(self, id, &params) {
             return r;
         }
@@ -722,7 +726,12 @@ impl VectorcraftApp {
     }
 
     fn logic_frame(&mut self, ctx: &egui::Context) {
-        i18n::set_current(self.ui_language());
+        let lang = self.ui_language();
+        i18n::set_current(lang);
+        // The engine gives new type the Japanese defaults while the UI is in Japanese.
+        if self.session.ui_language.as_deref() != Some(lang.code()) {
+            self.session.ui_language = Some(lang.code().to_string());
+        }
         self.adopt_context(ctx);
         if !self.styled {
             theme::install_fonts(ctx);
@@ -793,6 +802,7 @@ impl VectorcraftApp {
             ctx.copy_text(t);
         }
         self.drain_inbox();
+        native_menu::run(self, ctx);
         if self.fonts_ready {
             shortcuts::handle(self, ctx);
         }
@@ -838,6 +848,13 @@ impl VectorcraftApp {
     /// modifiers egui holds (`i.modifiers`), so a synthetic key, button or wheel turn holds its own
     /// for the frames it spans (a drag's moves included); the keyboard's come back after.
     pub fn raw_input_hook(&mut self, raw: &mut egui::RawInput) {
+        // The native menu's key equivalents become the input their keys make, ahead of what came
+        // after them (see `native_menu`).
+        let keys = self.services.native_menu.as_mut().map(native_menu::NativeMenu::take_keys).unwrap_or_default();
+        if !keys.is_empty() {
+            let events: Vec<egui::Event> = keys.into_iter().flat_map(|k| native_menu::key_events(k, || self.system_clipboard_text())).collect();
+            raw.events.splice(0..0, events);
+        }
         for e in &raw.events {
             match e {
                 egui::Event::ModifiersChanged(m) => self.host_modifiers = *m,
@@ -936,6 +953,7 @@ impl VectorcraftApp {
         }
         self.ui_fonts.frame(&ctx);
         scrub::end_frame(self, &ctx);
+        native_menu::sync(self, &ctx);
         self.perf.frame_ms = now_ms() - t0;
         let _ = json!(null);
     }

crates/ui-egui/src/menus.rs

@@ -1353,14 +1353,20 @@ pub fn checked(app: &VectorcraftApp, id: &str, p: &Value) -> Option<bool> {
         });
     }
     let v = &app.ui.view;
+    // An item that can be on or off is `Some` whatever the document and selection (off with none):
+    // the macOS menu bar can't change an item's kind without rebuilding.
+    let selected_text = |onpath: bool| {
+        let st = app.session.active()?;
+        st.selection.objects.iter().find_map(|id| match st.doc.node(*id).map(|n| &n.kind) {
+            Some(vectorcraft_engine::doc::NodeKind::Text(t)) if !onpath || matches!(t.kind, vectorcraft_engine::doc::TextKind::OnPath { .. }) => {
+                Some(t)
+            }
+            _ => None,
+        })
+    };
     Some(match id {
         "type.orientation.vertical" | "type.orientation.horizontal" => {
-            let st = app.session.active()?;
-            let t = st.selection.objects.iter().find_map(|id| match st.doc.node(*id).map(|n| &n.kind) {
-                Some(vectorcraft_engine::doc::NodeKind::Text(t)) => Some(t),
-                _ => None,
-            })?;
-            t.vertical == (id == "type.orientation.vertical")
+            selected_text(false).is_some_and(|t| t.vertical == (id == "type.orientation.vertical"))
         }
         "view.outline" => v.outline,
         "view.pixelPreview" => v.pixel_preview,
@@ -1368,12 +1374,7 @@ pub fn checked(app: &VectorcraftApp, id: &str, p: &Value) -> Option<bool> {
         "view.snapToPixel" => v.snap_to_pixel,
         // Type on a Path effect of the selected path type.
         "type.pathOptions" if p.get("effect").is_some() => {
-            let st = app.session.active()?;
-            let t = st.selection.objects.iter().find_map(|id| match st.doc.node(*id).map(|n| &n.kind) {
-                Some(vectorcraft_engine::doc::NodeKind::Text(t)) if matches!(t.kind, vectorcraft_engine::doc::TextKind::OnPath { .. }) => Some(t),
-                _ => None,
-            })?;
-            p.get("effect").and_then(Value::as_str) == Some(t.path_effect.id())
+            selected_text(true).is_some_and(|t| p.get("effect").and_then(Value::as_str) == Some(t.path_effect.id()))
         }
         "view.smartGuides" => v.smart_guides,
         "view.grid" => v.grid,
@@ -1407,12 +1408,16 @@ pub fn checked(app: &VectorcraftApp, id: &str, p: &Value) -> Option<bool> {
         "view.proofColors" => vectorcraft_render::proof::view().proof_colors,
         "view.overprintPreview" => vectorcraft_render::proof::view().overprint,
         "view.proofSetup" => p.get("target").and_then(Value::as_str) == Some(vectorcraft_render::proof::view().setup.target.id().as_str()),
-        "perspective.grid.snap" => perspective_grid(app)?.snap,
-        "perspective.grid.lockStation" => perspective_grid(app)?.lock_station,
+        "perspective.grid.snap" => perspective_grid(app).is_some_and(|g| g.snap),
+        "perspective.grid.lockStation" => perspective_grid(app).is_some_and(|g| g.lock_station),
         "file.documentColorMode" | "object.convertDocumentColorMode" => {
             let cmyk = app.session.active().is_some_and(|d| d.doc.color_mode == vectorcraft_engine::doc::ColorMode::Cmyk);
             p.get("mode").and_then(Value::as_str) == Some(if cmyk { "cmyk" } else { "rgb" })
         }
+        // The ruler context menu lists the document units, the current one checked.
+        "document.setUnits" => {
+            p.get("units").and_then(Value::as_str).and_then(vectorcraft_engine::doc::Unit::named) == Some(app.session.general_unit())
+        }
         _ => return None,
     })
 }
@@ -1611,28 +1616,81 @@ fn recent_slot<'a>(app: &'a VectorcraftApp, id: &str) -> Option<&'a String> {
     io::recent_files(app).get(n.checked_sub(1)?)
 }
 
-/// A menu slot hidden while it is empty ([`hidden_when_disabled`]) rather than shown disabled (the
-/// native menu leaves it out).
-pub fn hidden_slot(app: &VectorcraftApp, id: &str) -> bool {
-    hidden_when_disabled(id) && !enabled(app, id)
+/// How the menus show item `id` (params `p`) now: (enabled, checked: `Some` for an item that is on
+/// or off), or `None` while they leave it out: an empty slot ([`hidden_when_disabled`]) or an item
+/// another stands in for ([`swapped_out`]).
+pub fn shown_state(app: &VectorcraftApp, id: &str, p: &Value) -> Option<(bool, Option<bool>)> {
+    let en = enabled(app, id);
+    if (!en && hidden_when_disabled(id)) || swapped_out(app, id) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    Some((en, checked(app, id, p)))
 }
 
-/// How many saved-view, recent-file and User Defined library slots are listed: a menu that can't
-/// hide items (the native one) is rebuilt when this changes.
-pub fn listed_slots(app: &VectorcraftApp) -> usize {
-    use vectorcraft_engine::cmd::{stylelib, swatchlib};
-    let user = |libs: Vec<swatchlib::LibraryInfo>| libs.iter().filter(|l| l.category == "user").count().min(10);
-    let views = app.session.active().map_or(0, |d| d.doc.views.len().min(10));
-    views
-        + app.session.active().map_or(0, |d| d.doc.saved_selections.len().min(SAVED_SELECTION_IDS.len()))
-        + io::recent_files(app).len().min(RECENT_IDS.len())
-        + user(swatchlib::libraries(&app.session))
-        + user(stylelib::libraries(&app.session))
-        + crate::dialogs::perspective_presets::listed_slots(app)
+/// One row of a menu as it shows now. The in-window menus draw these and the macOS menu bar
+/// ([`crate::native_menu`]) is built from them, so the two can't drift.
+pub enum Entry<'a> {
+    Sep,
+    /// A section header (a disabled label), in the UI language.
+    Header(&'static str),
+    /// A submenu: its label in the UI language, and its items.
+    Sub(&'static str, &'a [Item]),
+    Item(Row<'a>),
+}
+
+/// A menu item as it shows now ([`entry`]).
+pub struct Row<'a> {
+    /// The command and its params; `None` for an item not implemented yet (always disabled).
+    pub command: Option<(&'static str, &'a Value)>,
+    /// The tree's own English label, which [`click_target`] reads.
+    pub source: &'static str,
+    /// The label in the UI language, as it reads now (Undo *Move*, Show/Hide…, a recent file).
+    pub label: std::borrow::Cow<'static, str>,
+    /// The shortcut as the registry writes it (`Cmd+Shift+Z`), the user's overrides applied.
+    pub shortcut: Option<&'static str>,
+    pub enabled: bool,
+    /// `Some` for an item that is on or off.
+    pub checked: Option<bool>,
+}
+
+impl Row<'_> {
+    /// What choosing it runs ([`click_target`]); `None` for an item not implemented yet.
+    pub fn target(&self) -> Option<(String, Value)> {
+        self.command.map(|(id, p)| click_target(self.source, id, p))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Item `it` as the menus show it now, or `None` while they leave it out ([`shown_state`]).
+pub fn entry<'a>(app: &VectorcraftApp, it: &'a Item) -> Option<Entry<'a>> {
+    use crate::i18n::t;
+    Some(match it {
+        Item::Sep => Entry::Sep,
+        Item::Header(h) => Entry::Header(t(h)),
+        Item::Sub(label, children) => Entry::Sub(t(label), children),
+        Item::Todo(label, sc) => Entry::Item(Row {
+            command: None,
+            source: label,
+            label: t(label).into(),
+            shortcut: Some(*sc).filter(|s| !s.is_empty()),
+            enabled: false,
+            checked: None,
+        }),
+        Item::Cmd(label, id, p) => {
+            let (enabled, checked) = shown_state(app, id, p)?;
+            Entry::Item(Row {
+                command: Some((id, p)),
+                source: label,
+                label: display_label(app, id, label).into(),
+                shortcut: item_shortcut(id, p),
+                enabled,
+                checked,
+            })
+        }
+    })
 }
 
 /// Changes whenever a plug-in is installed or removed: Object › Plug-ins and Effect › Plug-ins
-/// list them, so a menu built once (the native one) is rebuilt.
+/// list them (the command palette's cache follows it).
 pub fn plugin_revision() -> u64 {
     vectorcraft_plugins::registry::revision()
 }
@@ -2099,8 +2157,11 @@ pub fn menu_tree() -> Vec<(&'static str, Vec<Item>)> {
                 sub(
                     "Image Trace",
                     vec![
-                        cp("Make…", "imageTrace.make", json!({"preset": "Black and White Logo"})),
-                        cp("Make and Expand…", "imageTrace.makeAndExpand", json!({"preset": "6 Colors"})),
+                        // Traced at once with the Default preset, as the Control bar's Image Trace
+                        // button does; other presets come from its arrow or the Image Trace panel
+                        // (#543: the "…" form asked for a preset's name in a text box).
+                        cp("Make", "imageTrace.make", json!({"preset": "Default"})),
+                        cp("Make and Expand", "imageTrace.makeAndExpand", json!({"preset": "Default"})),
                         c("Release", "imageTrace.release"),
                         c("Expand", "imageTrace.expand"),
                     ],
@@ -2584,13 +2645,43 @@ pub fn context_menu_body(app: &VectorcraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, clicked: &mut
     });
 }
 
+/// The document units a right-click on a ruler offers: each runs `document.setUnits`, exactly as
+/// Preferences ▸ Units ▸ General does, with the current one checked ([`checked`]).
+pub fn ruler_unit_items() -> Vec<Item> {
+    vectorcraft_engine::doc::Unit::ALL.iter().map(|u| cp(u.label(), "document.setUnits", json!({ "units": u.label() }))).collect()
+}
+
+/// The ruler context menu's popup (right-click a ruler or the origin box); the unit clicked goes in
+/// `clicked`, for [`invoke`].
+pub fn ruler_menu_body(app: &VectorcraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, clicked: &mut Option<(String, Value)>) {
+    widgets::menu_scroll(ui, |ui| {
+        ui.set_min_width(160.0);
+        render_items(app, ui, &ruler_unit_items(), true, clicked);
+    });
+}
+
 /// Render the menu bar.
 /// The in-window menu bar. Returns where its titles end (x): the bar itself takes the full width.
 pub fn menu_bar(app: &mut VectorcraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) -> f32 {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
+    let ctx = ui.ctx().clone();
+    // The press that opens a menu takes the keyboard from a focused text field: the field and its
+    // selection are kept while the menus are open, so their Select All, Cut, Copy and Paste act on
+    // its text (#516), the frame after the click that chose them (that click takes the keyboard
+    // from it again).
+    type Field = (egui::Id, egui::text_edit::TextEditState);
+    let (field_key, chosen_key) = (egui::Id::new("menu-bar-field"), egui::Id::new("menu-bar-field-event"));
+    if let Some(((field, state), e)) = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<(Field, egui::Event)>(chosen_key)) {
+        ctx.data_mut(|d| d.remove::<(Field, egui::Event)>(chosen_key));
+        state.store(&ctx, field);
+        to_field(&ctx, field, e);
+    }
+    if let Some(field) = focused_text_field(&ctx).and_then(|id| Some((id, egui::TextEdit::load_state(&ctx, id)?))) {
+        ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp::<Field>(field_key, field));
+    }
     let mut clicked: Option<(String, Value)> = None;
     let tree = menu_tree();
-    let end = egui::MenuBar::new()
+    let (end, open) = egui::MenuBar::new()
         .ui(ui, |ui| {
             let mut titles = Vec::with_capacity(tree.len());
             for (i, (title, items)) in tree.iter().enumerate() {
@@ -2601,12 +2692,21 @@ pub fn menu_bar(app: &mut VectorcraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui) -> f32 {
                 };
                 titles.push(ui.menu_button(text, |ui| menu_body(app, ui, items, &mut clicked)).response);
             }
-            switch_on_hover(ui.ctx(), &titles);
-            ui.cursor().min.x
+            (ui.cursor().min.x, switch_on_hover(ui.ctx(), &titles))
         })
         .inner;
+    let field = ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<Field>(field_key));
+    if !open && focused_text_field(&ctx).is_none() {
+        ctx.data_mut(|d| d.remove::<Field>(field_key));
+    }
     if let Some((id, p)) = clicked {
-        invoke(app, &id, p);
+        match field.and_then(|f| Some((f, field_event(app, &id)?))) {
+            Some(chosen) => {
+                ctx.data_mut(|d| d.insert_temp(chosen_key, chosen));
+                ctx.request_repaint();
+            }
+            None => invoke(app, &id, p),
+        }
     }
     end
 }
@@ -2619,29 +2719,25 @@ fn pointer_reaches_title(ctx: &egui::Context, title: &egui::Response, p: egui::P
 }
 
 /// Like a native menu bar: while one top-level menu is open, moving the pointer onto another
-/// title opens that menu instead (egui alone needs a click on each title).
-fn switch_on_hover(ctx: &egui::Context, titles: &[egui::Response]) {
+/// title opens that menu instead (egui alone needs a click on each title). Returns whether a menu
+/// is open.
+fn switch_on_hover(ctx: &egui::Context, titles: &[egui::Response]) -> bool {
     let ids: Vec<egui::Id> = titles.iter().map(egui::Popup::default_response_id).collect();
     let Some(open) = ids.iter().position(|id| egui::Popup::is_id_open(ctx, *id)) else {
-        return;
+        return false;
     };
     // `Response::hovered` is false while a menu's popup is open, so hit-test the titles here.
-    let Some(p) = ctx.pointer_hover_pos() else {
-        return;
-    };
     // Only a moving pointer switches: one resting on a title leaves the open menu alone.
-    if ctx.input(|i| i.pointer.delta() == egui::Vec2::ZERO) {
-        return;
-    }
-    let Some(i) = titles.iter().position(|title| pointer_reaches_title(ctx, title, p)) else {
-        return;
-    };
-    if i != open
+    let moving = ctx.input(|i| i.pointer.delta() != egui::Vec2::ZERO);
+    if let Some(p) = ctx.pointer_hover_pos().filter(|_| moving)
+        && let Some(i) = titles.iter().position(|title| pointer_reaches_title(ctx, title, p))
+        && i != open
         && let Some(id) = ids.get(i)
     {
         egui::Popup::open_id(ctx, *id);
         ctx.request_repaint();
     }
+    true
 }
 
 /// A top-level menu's popup: as wide as its widest item (label plus shortcut), at least 230 pt;
@@ -2657,66 +2753,64 @@ fn menu_body(app: &VectorcraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, items: &[Item], clicked: &
 /// room for one).
 fn render_items(app: &VectorcraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, items: &[Item], checks: bool, clicked: &mut Option<(String, Value)>) {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
-    for it in items {
-        match it {
-            Item::Sep => {
+    for e in items.iter().filter_map(|it| entry(app, it)) {
+        match e {
+            Entry::Sep => {
                 ui.separator();
             }
-            Item::Header(h) => {
-                ui.label(egui::RichText::new(tl!(h)).size(11.0).color(t.text_dim));
+            Entry::Header(h) => {
+                ui.label(egui::RichText::new(h).size(11.0).color(t.text_dim));
             }
-            Item::Sub(label, children) => {
-                ui.menu_button(tl!(label), |ui| {
+            Entry::Sub(label, children) => {
+                ui.menu_button(label, |ui| {
                     widgets::menu_scroll(ui, |ui| {
                         ui.set_min_width(200.0);
                         render_items(app, ui, children, checks, clicked);
                     });
                 });
             }
-            Item::Todo(label, sc) => {
-                ui.add_enabled_ui(false, |ui| {
-                    ui.add(egui::Button::new(tl!(label)).shortcut_text(pretty_shortcut(sc)));
-                })
-                .response
-                .on_disabled_hover_text(tl!("Coming soon — tracked in the parity plan"));
-            }
-            Item::Cmd(label, id, p) => {
-                let en = enabled(app, id);
-                // Unused saved-view and recent-file slots are hidden (only the real ones are listed).
-                if (!en && hidden_when_disabled(id)) || swapped_out(app, id) {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                let label = display_label(app, id, label);
-                let sc = item_shortcut(id, p).map(pretty_shortcut).unwrap_or_default();
-                let chk = checks.then(|| checked(app, id, p)).flatten();
-                let text = match chk {
-                    Some(true) => format!("✓  {label}"),
-                    Some(false) => format!("     {label}"),
-                    None => label,
-                };
-                // Type → Font: each family's sample after its name (Enable in-menu font previews).
-                let sampled = p.get("font").and_then(Value::as_str).filter(|_| *id == "text.setStyle" && app.session.prefs.font_preview);
-                let r = match sampled {
-                    Some(family) => {
-                        let slot = ui.id().with(("font-sample", family));
-                        let button = egui::Button::new(text).right_text(egui::Atom::custom(slot, crate::font_menu::MENU_SAMPLE_SIZE));
-                        let out = ui.add_enabled_ui(en, |ui| button.atom_ui(ui)).inner;
-                        if let Some(rect) = out.rect(slot) {
-                            crate::font_menu::menu_item_sample(ui, rect, family);
-                        }
-                        out.response
-                    }
-                    None => ui.add_enabled(en, egui::Button::new(text).shortcut_text(sc)),
-                };
-                if r.clicked() {
-                    *clicked = Some(click_target(label_of(it), id, p));
-                    ui.close();
-                }
-            }
+            Entry::Item(row) => render_row(app, ui, &row, checks, clicked),
         }
     }
 }
 
+/// One menu item: its label (with a check mark, or the room for one, under `checks`), its shortcut,
+/// and Type › Font's samples.
+fn render_row(app: &VectorcraftApp, ui: &mut egui::Ui, row: &Row, checks: bool, clicked: &mut Option<(String, Value)>) {
+    let sc = row.shortcut.map(pretty_shortcut).unwrap_or_default();
+    let Some((id, p)) = row.command else {
+        ui.add_enabled_ui(false, |ui| {
+            ui.add(egui::Button::new(row.label.as_ref()).shortcut_text(sc));
+        })
+        .response
+        .on_disabled_hover_text(tl!("Coming soon — tracked in the parity plan"));
+        return;
+    };
+    let text = match row.checked.filter(|_| checks) {
+        Some(true) => format!("✓  {}", row.label),
+        Some(false) => format!("     {}", row.label),
+        None => row.label.to_string(),
+    };
+    // Type → Font: each family's sample after its name (Enable in-menu font previews).
+    let sampled = p.get("font").and_then(Value::as_str).filter(|_| id == "text.setStyle" && app.session.prefs.font_preview);
+    let r = match sampled {
+        Some(family) => {
+            let slot = ui.id().with(("font-sample", family));
+            let button = egui::Button::new(text).right_text(egui::Atom::custom(slot, crate::font_menu::MENU_SAMPLE_SIZE));
+            let out = ui.add_enabled_ui(row.enabled, |ui| button.atom_ui(ui)).inner;
+            if let Some(rect) = out.rect(slot) {
+                crate::font_menu::menu_item_sample(ui, rect, family);
+            }
+            out.response
+        }
+        None => ui.add_enabled(row.enabled, egui::Button::new(text).shortcut_text(sc)),
+    };
+    if r.clicked() {
+        *clicked = row.target();
+        ui.close();
+    }
+}
+
 /// What the Home screen remembers when it opens (`app.home`): the active document and the
 /// document count. When either changes, the Home screen gives way to the document.
 pub(crate) fn home_key(app: &VectorcraftApp) -> (Option<u64>, usize) {
@@ -2730,13 +2824,6 @@ pub(crate) fn home_showing(app: &VectorcraftApp) -> bool {
     app.ui.home.is_some() || (app.session.active().is_none() && app.session.prefs.show_home_screen)
 }
 
-fn label_of(it: &Item) -> &'static str {
-    match it {
-        Item::Cmd(l, _, _) => l,
-        _ => "",
-    }
-}
-
 /// What a menu click runs: items whose label ends with "…" and that carry default params open a
 /// generic parameter dialog (fields = the defaults) instead of running immediately.
 pub fn click_target(label: &str, id: &str, p: &Value) -> (String, Value) {
@@ -2790,18 +2877,26 @@ fn field_event(app: &mut VectorcraftApp, id: &str) -> Option<egui::Event> {
     })
 }
 
-/// Invoke an item of the system menu bar (macOS), chosen by a click or by its key equivalent: the
-/// system takes those keys before the window sees them. While a text field has the keyboard,
-/// Select All, Cut, Copy and Paste act on the field's text, as their keys do in the window;
-/// everything else (and those commands with no field focused) goes to [`invoke`].
+/// Invoke an item clicked in the system menu bar (macOS; its key equivalents come back to egui as
+/// key presses, see [`crate::native_menu`]). While a text field has the keyboard, Select All, Cut,
+/// Copy and Paste act on the field's text, as their keys do; everything else (and those commands
+/// with no field focused) goes to [`invoke`].
 pub fn invoke_from_system_menu(app: &mut VectorcraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context, id: &str, p: Value) {
-    if ctx.text_edit_focused()
-        && let Some(e) = field_event(app, id)
-    {
-        ctx.input_mut(|i| i.events.push(e));
-        return;
+    match focused_text_field(ctx).and_then(|f| Some((f, field_event(app, id)?))) {
+        Some((field, e)) => to_field(ctx, field, e),
+        None => invoke(app, id, p),
     }
-    invoke(app, id, p);
+}
+
+/// The text field that has the keyboard, if any.
+fn focused_text_field(ctx: &egui::Context) -> Option<egui::Id> {
+    ctx.memory(|m| m.focused()).filter(|&id| egui::TextEdit::load_state(ctx, id).is_some())
+}
+
+/// Give text field `field` the keyboard (back) and event `e`, a [`field_event`], this frame.
+fn to_field(ctx: &egui::Context, field: egui::Id, e: egui::Event) {
+    ctx.memory_mut(|m| m.request_focus(field));
+    ctx.input_mut(|i| i.events.push(e));
 }
 
 /// Invoke a menu/command id with UI side effects (dialogs for "…" commands that need input).
@@ -3000,15 +3095,17 @@ pub fn context_entries(app: &VectorcraftApp) -> Vec<MenuEntry> {
 fn flatten(app: &VectorcraftApp, path: Vec<String>, items: &[Item], out: &mut Vec<MenuEntry>) {
     for it in items {
         match it {
-            Item::Cmd(_, id, _) if (hidden_when_disabled(id) && !enabled(app, id)) || swapped_out(app, id) => {}
-            Item::Cmd(l, id, p) => out.push(MenuEntry {
-                path: path.clone(),
-                label: dynamic_label(app, id, l),
-                command: Some(id.to_string()),
-                params: p.clone(),
-                enabled: enabled(app, id),
-                shortcut: item_shortcut(id, p).or_else(|| shortcut_of(id)).unwrap_or("").to_string(),
-            }),
+            Item::Cmd(l, id, p) => {
+                let Some((enabled, _)) = shown_state(app, id, p) else { continue };
+                out.push(MenuEntry {
+                    path: path.clone(),
+                    label: dynamic_label(app, id, l),
+                    command: Some(id.to_string()),
+                    params: p.clone(),
+                    enabled,
+                    shortcut: item_shortcut(id, p).or_else(|| shortcut_of(id)).unwrap_or("").to_string(),
+                })
+            }
             Item::Todo(l, sc) => out.push(MenuEntry {
                 path: path.clone(),
                 label: l.to_string(),
@@ -3285,6 +3382,7 @@ pub fn menu_strings() -> std::collections::BTreeSet<String> {
         out.insert(title.to_string());
         walk(&items, title, &mut out);
     }
+    out.extend(crate::native_menu::MAC_LABELS.iter().map(|s| s.to_string()));
     out.extend(DYNAMIC_LABELS.iter().map(|s| s.to_string()));
     out.extend(CONTEXT_LABELS.iter().map(|s| s.to_string()));
     out.extend(UI_COMMANDS.iter().map(|c| c.1.to_string()));
@@ -3549,11 +3647,11 @@ mod tests {
         let r = app.run("select.recall2", json!({})).unwrap();
         assert!(r["count"].as_u64().unwrap() >= 1);
         assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().selection.len(), 2);
-        // The native menu is rebuilt when the number of slots changes.
-        let listed = listed_slots(&app);
+        // A deleted selection's slot leaves the menus.
         app.run("select.editSaved", json!({"name": "Ellipse", "delete": true})).unwrap();
-        assert_eq!(listed_slots(&app), listed - 1);
         assert!(!enabled(&app, "select.recall2"));
+        assert!(shown_state(&app, "select.recall2", &Value::Null).is_none());
+        assert!(shown_state(&app, "select.recall1", &Value::Null).is_some());
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -3685,6 +3783,19 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(pretty_shortcut(""), "");
     }
 
+    /// #543: Object › Image Trace › Make and Make and Expand trace with the Default preset at once,
+    /// with no form asking for a preset's name.
+    #[test]
+    fn image_trace_make_traces_with_the_default_preset() {
+        let mut app = VectorcraftApp::new(vectorcraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+        app.run("file.new", json!({})).unwrap();
+        for cmd in ["imageTrace.make", "imageTrace.makeAndExpand"] {
+            let e = menu_entries(&app).into_iter().find(|e| e.command.as_deref() == Some(cmd)).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(e.path, ["Object", "Image Trace"]);
+            assert_eq!(click_target(&e.label, cmd, &e.params), (cmd.to_string(), json!({"preset": "Default"})), "{}", e.label);
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn expand_appearance_is_an_object_menu_item_only() {
         let mut app = VectorcraftApp::new(vectorcraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());

crates/ui-egui/src/native_menu.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,528 @@
+//! The macOS menu bar: the menus of the in-window bar ([`crate::menus::menu_tree`], each item as
+//! [`crate::menus::entry`] shows it), laid out the way a Mac app's are and handed to a platform
+//! [`Backend`] (the desktop app's, through muda).
+//!
+//! Pure and platform-free, so it is tested everywhere and builds for the web; only the backend
+//! touches AppKit. What the layout does ([`mac_layout`], Illustrator on the Mac as the reference):
+//! - an **app menu** named VectorCraft: About; Settings, a submenu with one item per Preferences
+//!   page (General… ⌘K first); Language; Appearance (the UI brightness); Services; Hide VectorCraft
+//!   ⌃⌘H (⌘H stays View › Hide Edges), Hide Others ⌥⌘H, Show All; and Quit ⌘Q, still the app's own
+//!   `app.quit`, so documents with unsaved changes are asked about. These leave the other menus
+//!   (Edit › Preferences…, Help › About), and Join Our Discord stays under Help only;
+//! - **Window** gets Minimize ⌃⌘M, Zoom and Bring All to Front, and **Help** the system's search
+//!   field;
+//! - a system key already bound to a command keeps the command's: the system item goes without.
+//!
+//! **Keys stay with egui.** AppKit runs a menu's key equivalents before the window sees the key,
+//! which would skip VectorCraft's key rules (a focused text field takes ⌘A, ⌘C, ⌘V and ⌘Z; dialogs
+//! and the Type tool's input method have the keyboard). So the backend reports a key equivalent as
+//! [`Event::Key`], and [`key_events`] feeds it to egui as the key press it was (the clipboard
+//! events egui's window integration makes of ⌘X, ⌘C and ⌘V): the shortcut runs through
+//! [`crate::shortcuts::handle`] exactly as without a native menu, user overrides included. A click
+//! is [`Event::Click`] and runs like an in-window menu click.
+//!
+//! **Updates are cheap.** The rows are read again only when something they show may have changed
+//! ([`sync`]); labels, enabled and checked are then updated in place, and the menus are rebuilt
+//! only when their structure changes ([`structure_key`]: a recent file added, the language or a
+//! shortcut changed).
+
+use std::hash::{DefaultHasher, Hash, Hasher};
+
+use egui::{Key, KeyboardShortcut};
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
+
+use crate::VectorcraftApp;
+use crate::i18n::{Lang, tr, tr_ctx};
+use crate::menus::{self, Entry};
+
+pub const APP_NAME: &str = "VectorCraft";
+/// Hide VectorCraft: an item of ours (AppKit's always takes ⌘H, which is View › Hide Edges).
+pub const HIDE: &str = "app.hide";
+/// Hide Others: an item of ours, so a command bound to ⌥⌘H keeps it.
+pub const HIDE_OTHERS: &str = "app.hideOthers";
+/// Minimize: an item of ours with ⌃⌘M (AppKit's always takes ⌘M).
+pub const MINIMIZE: &str = "window.minimize";
+
+/// The labels the Mac layout adds to the menus (translated like every menu string:
+/// [`crate::menus::menu_strings`]).
+pub const MAC_LABELS: &[&str] =
+    &["Settings", "Appearance", "Services", "Hide VectorCraft", "Hide Others", "Show All", "Minimize", "Zoom", "Bring All to Front"];
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq)]
+pub struct MenuBar {
+    pub menus: Vec<Menu>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Menu {
+    /// In the UI language (the app menu is the app's name).
+    pub title: String,
+    pub role: MenuRole,
+    pub children: Vec<Node>,
+}
+
+/// What a top-level menu is for: macOS treats the app, Window and Help menus specially.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub enum MenuRole {
+    #[default]
+    Normal,
+    App,
+    Window,
+    Help,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum Node {
+    Item(Item),
+    Separator,
+    /// A section header (a disabled label).
+    Header(String),
+    Submenu {
+        label: String,
+        children: Vec<Node>,
+    },
+    /// An item AppKit provides and runs itself.
+    Standard(Standard),
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Item {
+    /// The command id, one of [`HIDE`], [`HIDE_OTHERS`], [`MINIMIZE`], or `None` for an item not
+    /// implemented yet.
+    pub command: Option<&'static str>,
+    pub params: Value,
+    /// The menu tree's English label ([`crate::menus::click_target`] reads it).
+    pub source: &'static str,
+    /// In the UI language, as it reads now.
+    pub label: String,
+    /// As the registry writes it (`Cmd+Shift+Z`): `Cmd` is ⌘ and `Ctrl` the Control key.
+    pub shortcut: Option<&'static str>,
+    pub enabled: bool,
+    /// `Some` for an item that is on or off.
+    pub checked: Option<bool>,
+}
+
+/// Items AppKit provides and runs: none has a key equivalent, so none can take a command's.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub enum Standard {
+    Services,
+    ShowAll,
+    Zoom,
+    BringAllToFront,
+}
+
+impl Standard {
+    /// The English label ([`MAC_LABELS`]).
+    pub fn label(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Standard::Services => "Services",
+            Standard::ShowAll => "Show All",
+            Standard::Zoom => "Zoom",
+            Standard::BringAllToFront => "Bring All to Front",
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Item {
+    /// An item of the layout's own (Hide, Minimize…): always enabled, `shortcut` unless a command
+    /// has it.
+    fn system(command: &'static str, source: &'static str, shortcut: Option<&'static str>, lang: Lang) -> Item {
+        Item { command: Some(command), params: Value::Null, source, label: tr(lang, source).into(), shortcut, enabled: true, checked: None }
+    }
+}
+
+impl MenuBar {
+    /// Every item, depth first.
+    pub fn items(&self) -> Vec<&Item> {
+        fn walk<'a>(nodes: &'a [Node], out: &mut Vec<&'a Item>) {
+            for n in nodes {
+                match n {
+                    Node::Item(it) => out.push(it),
+                    Node::Submenu { children, .. } => walk(children, out),
+                    Node::Separator | Node::Header(_) | Node::Standard(_) => {}
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        for m in &self.menus {
+            walk(&m.children, &mut out);
+        }
+        out
+    }
+
+    pub fn menu(&self, role: MenuRole) -> Option<&Menu> {
+        self.menus.iter().find(|m| m.role == role)
+    }
+}
+
+/// The menus as the in-window bar shows them now, as a tree: `tree`'s items through
+/// [`crate::menus::entry`] (labels in the UI language, live state, empty slots left out).
+pub fn from_tree(app: &VectorcraftApp, tree: &[(&'static str, Vec<menus::Item>)]) -> MenuBar {
+    fn level(app: &VectorcraftApp, items: &[menus::Item]) -> Vec<Node> {
+        let nodes = items
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|it| menus::entry(app, it))
+            .map(|e| match e {
+                Entry::Sep => Node::Separator,
+                Entry::Header(h) => Node::Header(h.to_string()),
+                Entry::Sub(label, children) => Node::Submenu { label: label.to_string(), children: level(app, children) },
+                Entry::Item(row) => Node::Item(Item {
+                    command: row.command.map(|(id, _)| id),
+                    params: row.command.map_or(Value::Null, |(_, p)| p.clone()),
+                    source: row.source,
+                    label: row.label.into_owned(),
+                    shortcut: row.shortcut,
+                    enabled: row.enabled,
+                    checked: row.checked,
+                }),
+            })
+            .collect();
+        tidy(nodes)
+    }
+    let menus = tree
+        .iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .map(|(i, (title, items))| {
+            // The first menu is the in-window bar's application menu.
+            let role = match *title {
+                _ if i == 0 => MenuRole::App,
+                "Window" => MenuRole::Window,
+                "Help" => MenuRole::Help,
+                _ => MenuRole::Normal,
+            };
+            Menu { title: crate::i18n::t(title).to_string(), role, children: level(app, items) }
+        })
+        .collect();
+    MenuBar { menus }
+}
+
+/// Drop separators at the start or end of a level and collapse runs of them, at every depth.
+fn tidy(nodes: Vec<Node>) -> Vec<Node> {
+    let mut out: Vec<Node> = Vec::with_capacity(nodes.len());
+    for n in nodes {
+        let n = match n {
+            Node::Submenu { label, children } => Node::Submenu { label, children: tidy(children) },
+            other => other,
+        };
+        if matches!(n, Node::Separator) && matches!(out.last(), None | Some(Node::Separator)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        out.push(n);
+    }
+    while matches!(out.last(), Some(Node::Separator)) {
+        out.pop();
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+/// A hash of everything a native menu can only change by rebuilding: menus, items (command,
+/// params, kind: plain or check, shortcut), submenu and header labels. Item labels, enabled and
+/// checked are updated in place.
+pub fn structure_key(bar: &MenuBar) -> u64 {
+    fn walk(nodes: &[Node], h: &mut DefaultHasher) {
+        for n in nodes {
+            match n {
+                Node::Item(it) => ('i', it.command, it.params.to_string(), it.checked.is_some(), it.shortcut).hash(h),
+                Node::Separator => '-'.hash(h),
+                Node::Header(label) => ('h', label).hash(h),
+                Node::Submenu { label, children } => {
+                    ('[', label).hash(h);
+                    walk(children, h);
+                    ']'.hash(h);
+                }
+                Node::Standard(s) => ('s', s).hash(h),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    let mut h = DefaultHasher::new();
+    for m in &bar.menus {
+        (&m.title, m.role).hash(&mut h);
+        walk(&m.children, &mut h);
+    }
+    h.finish()
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- shortcuts
+
+/// Does a shortcut make a key equivalent in the native menu? Only with ⌘ or ⌃, or a function key:
+/// bare keys and ⌥/⇧ chords are typing (⌥ types accented letters), which AppKit would otherwise
+/// take from a text field.
+pub fn native_ok(sc: &KeyboardShortcut) -> bool {
+    sc.modifiers.command || sc.modifiers.mac_cmd || sc.modifiers.ctrl || is_function_key(sc.logical_key)
+}
+
+pub fn is_function_key(key: Key) -> bool {
+    key.name().strip_prefix('F').and_then(|n| n.parse::<u8>().ok()).is_some_and(|n| (1..=24).contains(&n))
+}
+
+/// The input egui's window integration would have made of a press of `sc` (key and modifiers
+/// held): the key press and its release, but for ⌘X, ⌘C and ⌘V the Cut, Copy and Paste events
+/// (Paste with the clipboard's text, from `paste_text`). A paste's release is left to the window's
+/// own key-up: one without a press or a Paste event is how a paste of a picture or a PDF is told
+/// apart ([`crate::shortcuts`]).
+pub fn key_events(sc: KeyboardShortcut, paste_text: impl FnOnce() -> Option<String>) -> Vec<egui::Event> {
+    let key = |pressed| egui::Event::Key { key: sc.logical_key, physical_key: None, pressed, repeat: false, modifiers: sc.modifiers };
+    if sc.modifiers.command {
+        match sc.logical_key {
+            Key::X => return vec![egui::Event::Cut, key(false)],
+            Key::C => return vec![egui::Event::Copy, key(false)],
+            Key::V => return paste_text().map(|t| t.replace("\r\n", "\n")).filter(|t| !t.is_empty()).map(egui::Event::Paste).into_iter().collect(),
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+    vec![key(true), key(false)]
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- macOS layout
+
+/// A system key equivalent VectorCraft already uses for a command.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Clash {
+    pub shortcut: &'static str,
+    /// What macOS uses it for.
+    pub system: &'static str,
+    /// The command bound to it.
+    pub command: &'static str,
+}
+
+pub struct Layout {
+    pub bar: MenuBar,
+    /// System keys left to commands (logged once).
+    pub clashes: Vec<Clash>,
+}
+
+/// The Mac menu bar of `bar` (the in-window menus, [`from_tree`]): see the module docs.
+pub fn mac_layout(bar: &MenuBar, lang: Lang) -> Layout {
+    let mut bar = bar.clone();
+    let mut clashes = Vec::new();
+    let bound = crate::shortcuts::all_shortcuts();
+    // A system item's key, unless a command has it.
+    let mut key = |sc: &'static str, system: &'static str| {
+        let chord = crate::shortcuts::parse(sc)?;
+        match bound.iter().find(|(b, ..)| *b == chord) {
+            Some((_, command, _)) => {
+                clashes.push(Clash { shortcut: sc, system, command });
+                None
+            }
+            None => Some(sc),
+        }
+    };
+    let hide = Item::system(HIDE, "Hide VectorCraft", key("Ctrl+Cmd+H", "Hide"), lang);
+    let hide_others = Item::system(HIDE_OTHERS, "Hide Others", key("Cmd+Alt+H", "Hide Others"), lang);
+    let minimize = Item::system(MINIMIZE, "Minimize", key("Ctrl+Cmd+M", "Minimize"), lang);
+
+    // What the application menu takes from the others (every copy: About is in Help too, Settings
+    // in Edit as Preferences…).
+    let about = take_items(&mut bar, "help.about").into_iter().next();
+    let settings = take_items(&mut bar, "edit.preferences").into_iter().next();
+    let quit = take_items(&mut bar, "app.quit").into_iter().next();
+    let language = take_submenu(&mut bar, "app.language");
+    let appearance = take_submenu(&mut bar, "window.brightness");
+    // Its other items (Join Our Discord) stay where the in-window bar also has them: Help.
+    bar.menus.retain(|m| m.role != MenuRole::App);
+
+    let mut app = Vec::new();
+    app.extend(about.map(Node::Item));
+    app.push(Node::Separator);
+    app.extend(settings.map(|s| Node::Submenu { label: tr(lang, "Settings").into(), children: settings_pages(&s, lang) }));
+    app.extend(language);
+    app.extend(appearance.map(|n| match n {
+        // The theme, as Mac apps call it.
+        Node::Submenu { children, .. } => Node::Submenu { label: tr_ctx(lang, "theme", "Appearance").into(), children },
+        other => other,
+    }));
+    app.extend([Node::Separator, Node::Standard(Standard::Services), Node::Separator]);
+    app.extend([Node::Item(hide), Node::Item(hide_others), Node::Standard(Standard::ShowAll), Node::Separator]);
+    app.extend(quit.map(Node::Item));
+    bar.menus.insert(0, Menu { title: APP_NAME.into(), role: MenuRole::App, children: app });
+
+    if let Some(window) = bar.menus.iter_mut().find(|m| m.role == MenuRole::Window) {
+        let mut children = vec![Node::Item(minimize), Node::Standard(Standard::Zoom), Node::Separator];
+        children.append(&mut window.children);
+        children.extend([Node::Separator, Node::Standard(Standard::BringAllToFront)]);
+        window.children = children;
+    }
+    for m in &mut bar.menus {
+        m.children = tidy(std::mem::take(&mut m.children));
+    }
+    // A menu the moves emptied goes away (Help stays: it has the search field).
+    bar.menus.retain(|m| !m.children.is_empty() || m.role == MenuRole::Help);
+    Layout { bar, clashes }
+}
+
+/// Settings ▸: one item per page of the Preferences dialog (its own list), each opening it there;
+/// the first (General…) has Preferences' shortcut (⌘K), as in Illustrator.
+fn settings_pages(preferences: &Item, lang: Lang) -> Vec<Node> {
+    vectorcraft_engine::cmd::prefscmds::PREF_CATEGORIES
+        .iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .map(|(i, page)| {
+            Node::Item(Item {
+                command: preferences.command,
+                params: json!({ "category": page }),
+                // The page's name, not a "…" label: it runs, rather than asking for its params.
+                source: page,
+                label: format!("{}…", tr(lang, page)),
+                shortcut: preferences.shortcut.filter(|_| i == 0),
+                enabled: preferences.enabled,
+                checked: None,
+            })
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+/// Remove every item running `command`, at any depth; returns them in order.
+fn take_items(bar: &mut MenuBar, command: &str) -> Vec<Item> {
+    fn walk(nodes: &mut Vec<Node>, command: &str, out: &mut Vec<Item>) {
+        let mut kept = Vec::with_capacity(nodes.len());
+        for n in std::mem::take(nodes) {
+            match n {
+                Node::Item(it) if it.command == Some(command) => out.push(it),
+                Node::Submenu { label, mut children } => {
+                    walk(&mut children, command, out);
+                    kept.push(Node::Submenu { label, children });
+                }
+                other => kept.push(other),
+            }
+        }
+        *nodes = kept;
+    }
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    for m in &mut bar.menus {
+        walk(&mut m.children, command, &mut out);
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+/// Remove the first submenu that lists `command`, and any other item running it.
+fn take_submenu(bar: &mut MenuBar, command: &str) -> Option<Node> {
+    fn find(nodes: &mut Vec<Node>, command: &str) -> Option<Node> {
+        let lists = |n: &Node| matches!(n, Node::Submenu { children, .. } if children.iter().any(|c| matches!(c, Node::Item(it) if it.command == Some(command))));
+        if let Some(i) = nodes.iter().position(lists) {
+            return Some(nodes.remove(i));
+        }
+        nodes.iter_mut().find_map(|n| match n {
+            Node::Submenu { children, .. } => find(children, command),
+            _ => None,
+        })
+    }
+    let sub = bar.menus.iter_mut().find_map(|m| find(&mut m.children, command));
+    take_items(bar, command);
+    sub
+}
+
+/// VectorCraft's menus as a Mac menu bar, as they show now.
+pub fn layout(app: &VectorcraftApp) -> Layout {
+    mac_layout(&from_tree(app, &menus::menu_tree()), crate::i18n::current())
+}
+
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- the app's side
+
+/// What the native menu reports.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum Event {
+    /// An item chosen with the mouse (or the keyboard inside an open menu).
+    Click(Item),
+    /// A key equivalent pressed: the item's key with the modifiers held, to be handled as the key
+    /// press it was.
+    Key(KeyboardShortcut),
+}
+
+/// A platform's native menu bar (the desktop app implements it for macOS with muda).
+pub trait Backend {
+    /// Bring the menu in step with `bar`: update labels, enabled and checked in place, or rebuild
+    /// when its structure changed.
+    fn sync(&mut self, bar: &MenuBar);
+    /// What was chosen since the last call. Items the platform runs itself (Services, Zoom, Hide…)
+    /// are handled there and not reported.
+    fn drain(&mut self) -> Vec<Event>;
+}
+
+/// The native menu bar, while VectorCraft uses one (the in-window menus are hidden then).
+pub struct NativeMenu {
+    backend: Box<dyn Backend>,
+    /// Hash of the state the menus were last read in ([`state_hash`]).
+    state: Option<u64>,
+    clicks: Vec<Item>,
+    /// Something was chosen (AppKit may have toggled a check mark itself): read the menus again.
+    dirty: bool,
+    logged: bool,
+}
+
+impl NativeMenu {
+    pub fn new(backend: Box<dyn Backend>) -> NativeMenu {
+        NativeMenu { backend, state: None, clicks: Vec::new(), dirty: true, logged: false }
+    }
+
+    /// The key equivalents pressed since the last frame, for [`key_events`]; clicks wait for
+    /// [`run`].
+    pub fn take_keys(&mut self) -> Vec<KeyboardShortcut> {
+        let mut keys = Vec::new();
+        for e in self.backend.drain() {
+            match e {
+                Event::Key(k) => keys.push(k),
+                Event::Click(it) => self.clicks.push(it),
+            }
+            self.dirty = true;
+        }
+        keys
+    }
+}
+
+/// Run the items clicked in the native menu since the last frame, like in-window menu clicks.
+pub fn run(app: &mut VectorcraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
+    let Some(menu) = app.services.native_menu.as_mut() else { return };
+    for it in std::mem::take(&mut menu.clicks) {
+        match it.command {
+            Some(MINIMIZE) => ctx.send_viewport_cmd(egui::ViewportCommand::Minimized(true)),
+            Some(command) => {
+                let (id, p) = menus::click_target(it.source, command, &it.params);
+                menus::invoke_from_system_menu(app, ctx, &id, p);
+            }
+            None => {}
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Bring the native menu up to date when anything it shows may have changed: a command ran, the
+/// document, its history or selection changed, the user clicked or pressed a key. Reading the rows
+/// asks every command whether it is enabled, so frames that only animate or scroll skip it.
+pub fn sync(app: &mut VectorcraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
+    let Some(menu) = app.services.native_menu.as_ref() else { return };
+    let input = ctx
+        .input(|i| i.events.iter().any(|e| matches!(e, egui::Event::Key { pressed: true, .. } | egui::Event::PointerButton { pressed: false, .. })));
+    let state = state_hash(app, input.then_some(app.frame));
+    if menu.state == Some(state) && !menu.dirty {
+        return;
+    }
+    let layout = layout(app);
+    let Some(menu) = app.services.native_menu.as_mut() else { return };
+    if !menu.logged {
+        for c in &layout.clashes {
+            log::info!("menu: {} is {} on macOS and {} in VectorCraft, which keeps it", c.shortcut, c.system, c.command);
+        }
+        menu.logged = true;
+    }
+    menu.backend.sync(&layout.bar);
+    menu.state = Some(state);
+    menu.dirty = false;
+}
+
+/// What the menus' rows depend on, cheaply (no allocation): commands run, the active document,
+/// its revision (edits, selection and view changes), history and clipboard, the language,
+/// shortcuts and plug-ins. `input` forces a change on frames with a click or a key press, which
+/// covers what the hash doesn't list (panels shown, a tool picked).
+fn state_hash(app: &VectorcraftApp, input: Option<u64>) -> u64 {
+    let mut h = DefaultHasher::new();
+    input.hash(&mut h);
+    app.run_count.hash(&mut h);
+    let s = &app.session;
+    (s.journal.len(), s.active_index(), s.clipboard.is_empty(), s.tool_composing()).hash(&mut h);
+    if let Some(d) = s.active() {
+        (d.uid, d.revision, d.history.undo.len(), d.history.redo.len(), d.transparency_grid, d.print_tiling).hash(&mut h);
+    }
+    (app.system_paste, app.last_effect.is_some(), app.ui.recent_files.len(), app.ui.recent_files.first(), app.recent_fonts().len()).hash(&mut h);
+    (crate::i18n::current().code(), menus::plugin_revision()).hash(&mut h);
+    crate::shortcut_editor::GENERATION.load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed).hash(&mut h);
+    h.finish()
+}

crates/ui-egui/src/panels/transform.rs

@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ use crate::widgets::{self, menu_item};
 use crate::{VectorcraftApp, icons};
 
 pub const ANGLE_PRESETS: [f64; 9] = [-180.0, -135.0, -90.0, -45.0, 0.0, 45.0, 90.0, 135.0, 180.0];
+/// The shear angle's presets: steep enough to be useful, short of the degenerate ±90°.
+pub const SHEAR_PRESETS: [f64; 9] = [-60.0, -45.0, -30.0, -15.0, 0.0, 15.0, 30.0, 45.0, 60.0];
 
 /// Proportional size: the other dimension when one changes with the link on.
 pub fn constrained(w: f64, h: f64, new_w: Option<f64>, new_h: Option<f64>) -> (f64, f64) {
@@ -151,8 +153,10 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut VectorcraftApp, ui: &mut Ui) {
             ui.add_space(4.0);
             let icon = icons::icon(ui, "dc-shear", 16.0, t.icon).on_hover_text(tl!("Shear"));
             crate::scrub::note_label(ui, icon.rect);
-            if let Some(a) = widgets::plain_field(ui, "xfp-shear", 0.0, "°", 1, 56.0)
+            // Shear is relative: the field rests at 0° and a new value shears by it.
+            if let Some(a) = widgets::spin_plain(ui, "xfp-shear", 0.0, "°", 2, 96.0, 15.0, -89.0, &SHEAR_PRESETS)
                 && a != 0.0
+                && a.abs() < 90.0
             {
                 app.run("object.shear", json!({"angle": a, "axis": "horizontal", "origin": origin})).ok();
             }
@@ -206,6 +210,17 @@ pub fn show(app: &mut VectorcraftApp, ui: &mut Ui) {
     }
 }
 
+/// The Control bar's underlined "Transform" link: a click toggles the Transform panel in a
+/// popover under it, as the Stroke link does with the Stroke panel.
+pub fn link(app: &mut VectorcraftApp, ui: &mut Ui) {
+    let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
+    let resp = ui.link(egui::RichText::new(tl!("Transform")).size(12.0).color(t.text).underline()).on_hover_text(tl!("Transform options"));
+    widgets::popover(&resp, resp.clicked(), |ui| {
+        ui.set_width(300.0);
+        show(app, ui);
+    });
+}
+
 /// The link between W and H (Transform panel, Properties panel, Control bar): one toggle, the
 /// `constrainProportions` preference, which the size fields pass on as `proportional`.
 pub fn constrain_link(app: &mut VectorcraftApp, ui: &mut Ui) {

crates/ui-egui/src/shortcuts.rs

@@ -82,10 +82,9 @@ pub(crate) fn all_shortcuts() -> Vec<(KeyboardShortcut, &'static str, serde_json
 
 /// Consume a press of `sc`. A `=` chord also takes [`Key::Plus`], which is how `+` arrives from
 /// the numpad and from layouts where it has its own key (Shift+`=` arrives as either; extra Shift
-/// is ignored). `native`: the system menu already handles the chord as written, so only that
-/// alias is left to match here.
-pub(crate) fn consume(i: &mut egui::InputState, sc: &KeyboardShortcut, native: bool) -> bool {
-    (!native && i.consume_shortcut(sc))
+/// is ignored).
+pub(crate) fn consume(i: &mut egui::InputState, sc: &KeyboardShortcut) -> bool {
+    i.consume_shortcut(sc)
         || (sc.logical_key == Key::Equals && i.consume_key(sc.modifiers, Key::Plus))
         || (sc.modifiers.shift && shifted(sc.logical_key).is_some_and(|k| i.consume_key(sc.modifiers, k)))
 }
@@ -281,14 +280,13 @@ pub fn handle(app: &mut VectorcraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
         // Editing keys with modifiers and the clipboard (Cmd+A is Select All's, below: the text).
         crate::panels::character::route_type_input(app, ctx);
         // Enter was already delivered above as ToolKey::Enter (newline).
-        let fire = all_shortcuts().into_iter().filter(|(sc, ..)| sc.modifiers.command).find(|(sc, ..)| ctx.input_mut(|i| consume(i, sc, false)));
+        let fire = all_shortcuts().into_iter().filter(|(sc, ..)| sc.modifiers.command).find(|(sc, ..)| ctx.input_mut(|i| consume(i, sc)));
         if let Some((_, id, p)) = fire {
             crate::menus::invoke(app, id, p);
         }
         return;
     }
-    // Clipboard keys arrive as events, not key presses (except where the native menu has them);
-    // the chord held says which paste.
+    // Clipboard keys arrive as events, not key presses; the chord held says which paste.
     let mut clip = vec![];
     ctx.input_mut(|i| {
         let held = i.modifiers;
@@ -299,17 +297,13 @@ pub fn handle(app: &mut VectorcraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
                 egui::Event::Paste(t) => (paste_command(held), Some(t.clone())),
                 _ => return true,
             };
-            if app.native_shortcuts.contains(id) {
-                return true;
-            }
             clip.push((id, text));
             false
         })
     });
-    // Only the system clipboard service reads what isn't text (the native menu has its own Paste).
+    // Only the system clipboard service reads what isn't text.
     if let Some(id) = textless_paste.map(paste_command)
         && app.services.system_clipboard.is_some()
-        && !app.native_shortcuts.contains(id)
     {
         clip.push((id, None));
     }
@@ -389,8 +383,7 @@ pub fn handle(app: &mut VectorcraftApp, ctx: &egui::Context) {
         if plain && (sc.logical_key.name().len() == 1 || matches!(sc.logical_key, Key::Slash | Key::Comma | Key::Period)) {
             continue;
         }
-        let native = app.native_shortcuts.contains(id);
-        if ctx.input_mut(|i| consume(i, &sc, native)) {
+        if ctx.input_mut(|i| consume(i, &sc)) {
             fire = Some((id, p));
             break;
         }
@@ -669,13 +662,6 @@ mod tests {
         let before = zoom(&mut app);
         frame(&mut app, vec![press(Key::Minus, Modifiers::COMMAND)]);
         assert!(zoom(&mut app) < before, "Cmd+- zooms out");
-        // The system menu handles `Cmd+=` itself; the `+` key is still matched here.
-        app.native_shortcuts.insert("view.zoomIn".into());
-        let before = zoom(&mut app);
-        frame(&mut app, vec![press(Key::Equals, Modifiers::COMMAND)]);
-        assert_eq!(zoom(&mut app), before, "left to the system menu");
-        frame(&mut app, vec![press(Key::Plus, Modifiers::COMMAND)]);
-        assert!(zoom(&mut app) > before);
     }
 
     #[test]

crates/ui-egui/src/tests_contextmenu.rs

@@ -110,6 +110,32 @@ fn right_click_on_empty_canvas_offers_the_view_and_a_dismissing_click_does_nothi
     assert_eq!(app.session.active().unwrap().doc.art_bounds(), None);
 }
 
+/// #528: right-clicking a ruler offers the document units, the current one checked, and choosing one
+/// swaps them — the same effect as Preferences ▸ Units ▸ General (`document.setUnits`).
+#[test]
+fn right_clicking_a_ruler_swaps_the_document_units() {
+    use vectorcraft_doc::Unit;
+    let mut app = app();
+    app.ui.view.rulers = true;
+    let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+    frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![]);
+    assert_eq!(app.session.general_unit(), Unit::Points, "a new document starts in the prefs unit");
+    // Right-click on the top ruler (the band along the top, past the origin box).
+    let texts = click(&mut app, &ctx, pos2(400.0, 8.0), PointerButton::Secondary);
+    for label in ["Points", "Picas", "Inches", "Millimeters", "Feet & Inches", "Pixels"] {
+        assert!(has(&texts, label), "{label} in {texts:?}");
+    }
+    assert!(texts.iter().any(|(t, _)| t == "✓  Points"), "the current unit is checked: {texts:?}");
+    // Choosing a unit runs document.setUnits and closes the menu.
+    let mm = texts.iter().find(|(t, _)| t.trim_start_matches(['✓', ' ']) == "Millimeters").map(|(_, r)| r.center()).expect("Millimeters");
+    let texts = click(&mut app, &ctx, mm, PointerButton::Primary);
+    assert_eq!(app.session.general_unit(), Unit::Millimeters, "the ruler's unit changed");
+    assert!(!has(&texts, "Inches"), "the menu closed");
+    // The left ruler offers the same menu, now checking the new unit.
+    let texts = click(&mut app, &ctx, pos2(8.0, 300.0), PointerButton::Secondary);
+    assert!(texts.iter().any(|(t, _)| t == "✓  Millimeters"), "the left ruler reflects the current unit: {texts:?}");
+}
+
 fn labels(items: &[Item]) -> Vec<&'static str> {
     items
         .iter()

crates/ui-egui/src/tests_nativemenu.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,422 @@
+//! The macOS menu bar's model ([`crate::native_menu`]), tested on every platform with a fake
+//! backend: the Mac layout of the in-window menus, the keys it hands back to egui, the clicks it
+//! runs and when it reads the menus again.
+
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+use egui::{Event, Key, KeyboardShortcut, Modifiers, PointerButton, Pos2, Rect, vec2};
+use serde_json::{Value, json};
+use vectorcraft_engine::Session;
+use vectorcraft_engine::cmd::prefscmds::PREF_CATEGORIES;
+
+use crate::i18n::Lang;
+use crate::native_menu::{self, Backend, MenuBar, MenuRole, NativeMenu, Node, Standard};
+use crate::{VectorcraftApp, menus};
+
+fn app(doc: bool) -> VectorcraftApp {
+    let mut app = VectorcraftApp::new(Session::new(), Default::default());
+    if doc {
+        app.run("file.new", json!({"width": 400, "height": 300})).unwrap();
+        app.run("shape.rectangle", json!({"x": 20, "y": 20, "width": 37, "height": 40})).unwrap();
+    }
+    app
+}
+
+fn bar(app: &VectorcraftApp) -> MenuBar {
+    native_menu::mac_layout(&native_menu::from_tree(app, &menus::menu_tree()), Lang::EN).bar
+}
+
+/// A level's nodes as short names: an item's command (`---` a separator, `[label]` a submenu,
+/// `<Standard>` an AppKit item).
+fn ids(nodes: &[Node]) -> Vec<String> {
+    nodes
+        .iter()
+        .map(|n| match n {
+            Node::Item(it) => it.command.unwrap_or("").to_string(),
+            Node::Separator => "---".into(),
+            Node::Header(h) => format!("#{h}"),
+            Node::Submenu { label, .. } => format!("[{label}]"),
+            Node::Standard(s) => format!("<{s:?}>"),
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn menu<'a>(bar: &'a MenuBar, title: &str) -> &'a [Node] {
+    &bar.menus.iter().find(|m| m.title == title).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("no {title} menu")).children
+}
+
+fn submenu<'a>(nodes: &'a [Node], name: &str) -> &'a [Node] {
+    nodes
+        .iter()
+        .find_map(|n| match n {
+            Node::Submenu { label, children } if label == name => Some(children.as_slice()),
+            _ => None,
+        })
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("no {name} submenu in {:?}", ids(nodes)))
+}
+
+fn items(nodes: &[Node]) -> Vec<&native_menu::Item> {
+    nodes.iter().filter_map(|n| if let Node::Item(it) = n { Some(it) } else { None }).collect()
+}
+
+fn find<'a>(bar: &'a MenuBar, command: &str) -> &'a native_menu::Item {
+    bar.items().into_iter().find(|it| it.command == Some(command)).unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("no {command} item"))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn vectorcraft_gets_a_mac_app_menu() {
+    let bar = bar(&app(true));
+    let titles: Vec<&str> = bar.menus.iter().map(|m| m.title.as_str()).collect();
+    assert_eq!(titles, ["VectorCraft", "File", "Edit", "Object", "Type", "Select", "Effect", "View", "Window", "Help"]);
+    let app_menu = &bar.menus[0];
+    assert_eq!(app_menu.role, MenuRole::App);
+    assert_eq!(
+        ids(&app_menu.children),
+        [
+            "help.about",
+            "---",
+            "[Settings]",
+            "[Language]",
+            "[Appearance]",
+            "---",
+            "<Services>",
+            "---",
+            native_menu::HIDE,
+            native_menu::HIDE_OTHERS,
+            "<ShowAll>",
+            "---",
+            "app.quit"
+        ]
+    );
+    let shown = |command: &str| {
+        let it = find(&bar, command);
+        (it.label.as_str(), it.shortcut)
+    };
+    assert_eq!(shown("help.about"), ("About VectorCraft", None));
+    assert_eq!(shown("app.quit"), ("Quit VectorCraft", Some("Cmd+Q")), "Quit is the app's own, so unsaved documents are asked about");
+    // ⌘H stays View › Hide Edges (Illustrator's); Hide takes ⌃⌘H.
+    assert_eq!(shown(native_menu::HIDE), ("Hide VectorCraft", Some("Ctrl+Cmd+H")));
+    assert_eq!(shown(native_menu::HIDE_OTHERS), ("Hide Others", Some("Cmd+Alt+H")));
+    assert_eq!(find(&bar, "view.edges").shortcut, Some("Cmd+H"));
+    assert_eq!(bar.menu(MenuRole::Help).map(|m| m.title.as_str()), Some("Help"));
+}
+
+/// Settings ▸ lists the Preferences dialog's own pages, General… with ⌘K, and each opens the
+/// dialog on its page.
+#[test]
+fn settings_lists_every_preferences_page() {
+    let mut app = app(true);
+    let bar = bar(&app);
+    let pages = items(submenu(&bar.menus[0].children, "Settings"));
+    assert_eq!(pages.len(), PREF_CATEGORIES.len());
+    assert_eq!((pages[0].label.as_str(), pages[0].shortcut), ("General…", Some("Cmd+K")));
+    assert!(pages[1..].iter().all(|it| it.shortcut.is_none()));
+    for (it, page) in pages.iter().zip(PREF_CATEGORIES) {
+        assert_eq!((it.command, &it.params, it.label.clone()), (Some("edit.preferences"), &json!({"category": page}), format!("{page}…")));
+    }
+    let units = pages.iter().find(|it| it.source == "Units").unwrap();
+    let (id, p) = menus::click_target(units.source, units.command.unwrap(), &units.params);
+    assert_eq!(id, "edit.preferences", "a page opens the dialog, not a parameter form");
+    menus::invoke(&mut app, &id, p);
+    let dialog = app.ui.dialog.as_ref().expect("Preferences open");
+    assert_eq!((dialog.kind.as_str(), dialog.fields.get("__category")), ("preferences", Some(&json!("Units"))));
+}
+
+/// Language ▸: Automatic, then each language in its own name (in any UI language), the
+/// preference checked; Appearance ▸: the UI brightness choices, the current one checked.
+#[test]
+fn language_and_appearance_are_in_the_app_menu() {
+    let mut app = app(false);
+    app.session.prefs.interface_language = "ja".into();
+    let bar = bar(&app);
+    let app_menu = &bar.menus[0].children;
+    assert_eq!(ids(submenu(app_menu, "Language"))[..2], ["app.language", "---"], "Automatic, then the languages");
+    let langs: Vec<(String, Option<bool>)> = items(submenu(app_menu, "Language")).iter().map(|it| (it.label.clone(), it.checked)).collect();
+    let mut want = vec![("Automatic".to_string(), Some(false))];
+    want.extend(Lang::all().map(|l| (l.name().to_string(), Some(l.code() == "ja"))));
+    assert_eq!(langs, want);
+    // In every UI language the languages keep their own names.
+    for ui in Lang::all() {
+        for l in Lang::all() {
+            assert_eq!(crate::i18n::tr_id(ui, "app.language", l.name()), l.name(), "{} in {}", l.name(), ui.code());
+        }
+    }
+    let appearance: Vec<(&'static str, Option<bool>)> = items(submenu(app_menu, "Appearance")).iter().map(|it| (it.source, it.checked)).collect();
+    assert_eq!(appearance.len(), crate::theme::Brightness::ALL.len());
+    assert_eq!(appearance.iter().filter(|(_, c)| *c == Some(true)).count(), 1, "{appearance:?}");
+    assert!(appearance.iter().all(|(_, c)| c.is_some()));
+    assert_eq!(crate::i18n::tr_ctx(Lang::from_code("ja").unwrap(), "theme", "Appearance"), "外観", "the theme, not the Appearance panel");
+}
+
+/// Everything the in-window bar lists is in the Mac menu bar, once: what moved to the app menu
+/// (About, Settings, Quit, Language, UI Brightness) leaves its other places, and Join Our Discord
+/// stays under Help.
+#[test]
+fn every_in_window_item_is_in_the_mac_menu_bar_once() {
+    let app = app(true);
+    let count = |bar: &MenuBar| {
+        let mut n: HashMap<(String, String), usize> = HashMap::new();
+        for it in bar.items() {
+            if let Some(c) = it.command {
+                // Settings ▸ opens Preferences on each page: one item per page instead of one.
+                let params = if c == "edit.preferences" { String::new() } else { it.params.to_string() };
+                *n.entry((c.to_string(), params)).or_default() += 1;
+            }
+        }
+        n
+    };
+    let in_window = native_menu::from_tree(&app, &menus::menu_tree());
+    let mac = bar(&app);
+    let (a, b) = (count(&in_window), count(&mac));
+    // The in-window application menu's commands, its submenus' included.
+    let moved: Vec<&str> = MenuBar { menus: vec![in_window.menus[0].clone()] }.items().iter().filter_map(|it| it.command).collect();
+    for (key, n) in &a {
+        let m = b.get(key).copied().unwrap_or(0);
+        let want = match key.0.as_str() {
+            "edit.preferences" => PREF_CATEGORIES.len(),
+            c if moved.contains(&c) => 1,
+            _ => *n,
+        };
+        assert_eq!(m, want, "{key:?} is listed {m} times on the Mac, {n} in the window");
+    }
+    let system = [native_menu::HIDE, native_menu::HIDE_OTHERS, native_menu::MINIMIZE];
+    for key in b.keys() {
+        assert!(a.contains_key(key) || system.contains(&key.0.as_str()), "{key:?} isn't an in-window item");
+    }
+    let help = ids(menu(&mac, "Help"));
+    assert!(help.contains(&"help.discord".to_string()) && !help.contains(&"help.about".to_string()), "{help:?}");
+    let edit = ids(menu(&mac, "Edit"));
+    assert!(!edit.contains(&"edit.preferences".to_string()) && edit.contains(&"edit.keyboardShortcuts".to_string()), "{edit:?}");
+    assert!(ids(menu(&mac, "Window")).contains(&"[Workspace]".to_string()));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn the_window_menu_has_the_system_items() {
+    let bar = bar(&app(true));
+    let window = ids(&bar.menu(MenuRole::Window).unwrap().children);
+    assert_eq!(window[..3], [native_menu::MINIMIZE.to_string(), "<Zoom>".into(), "---".into()]);
+    assert_eq!(window[window.len() - 2..], ["---".to_string(), "<BringAllToFront>".into()]);
+    assert_eq!(window[3], "window.newWindow", "then VectorCraft's own items");
+    assert_eq!(find(&bar, native_menu::MINIMIZE).shortcut, Some("Ctrl+Cmd+M"));
+    assert!(!window.iter().any(|i| i == "window.brightness"), "the theme is only in the app menu");
+    assert_eq!(Standard::Zoom.label(), "Zoom");
+}
+
+/// A system key a command already has stays the command's: the system item goes without. The
+/// user's shortcuts show in the menus.
+#[test]
+fn a_command_keeps_a_system_key_it_is_bound_to() {
+    let mut app = app(true);
+    app.ui.shortcut_overrides.insert("view.grid".into(), "Ctrl+Cmd+H".into());
+    crate::shortcut_editor::sync(&app.ui);
+    let layout = native_menu::mac_layout(&native_menu::from_tree(&app, &menus::menu_tree()), Lang::EN);
+    app.ui.shortcut_overrides.clear();
+    crate::shortcut_editor::sync(&app.ui);
+    assert_eq!(find(&layout.bar, native_menu::HIDE).shortcut, None);
+    assert_eq!(find(&layout.bar, "view.grid").shortcut, Some("Ctrl+Cmd+H"), "the user's override shows in the menu");
+    assert_eq!(layout.clashes.iter().map(|c| (c.shortcut, c.command)).collect::<Vec<_>>(), [("Ctrl+Cmd+H", "view.grid")]);
+}
+
+/// A native menu can't turn a plain item into a check item in place: opening a document or
+/// selecting must not change the menus' structure, or every change rebuilds them.
+#[test]
+fn documents_and_selections_change_state_not_structure() {
+    let empty = native_menu::structure_key(&bar(&app(false)));
+    let mut a = app(true);
+    assert_eq!(native_menu::structure_key(&bar(&a)), empty, "a document with a selected rectangle");
+    a.run("select.none", json!({})).unwrap();
+    a.run("text.create", json!({"x": 50, "y": 50, "text": "Hi"})).unwrap();
+    assert!(!a.session.active().unwrap().selection.objects.is_empty());
+    assert_eq!(native_menu::structure_key(&bar(&a)), empty, "type selected");
+    // A recent file is a new item: the menus are rebuilt.
+    crate::io::note_recent(&mut a, "/art/a.svg");
+    assert_ne!(native_menu::structure_key(&bar(&a)), empty);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn key_equivalents_are_command_and_function_keys_only() {
+    let ok = |s| crate::shortcuts::parse(s).is_some_and(|k| native_menu::native_ok(&k));
+    assert!(ok("Cmd+B") && ok("F7") && ok("Ctrl+Cmd+M") && ok("Shift+F7"));
+    assert!(!ok("B") && !ok("Alt+F") && !ok("Shift+X"));
+}
+
+/// What a key equivalent becomes: the press and release egui's window integration sends, or for
+/// ⌘X, ⌘C and ⌘V its clipboard events (a paste's release comes from the window).
+#[test]
+fn key_equivalents_become_the_input_their_keys_make() {
+    let cmd = |key| KeyboardShortcut::new(Modifiers::COMMAND, key);
+    let key = |key, pressed| Event::Key { key, physical_key: None, pressed, repeat: false, modifiers: Modifiers::COMMAND };
+    assert_eq!(native_menu::key_events(cmd(Key::A), || None), [key(Key::A, true), key(Key::A, false)]);
+    assert_eq!(native_menu::key_events(cmd(Key::C), || None), [Event::Copy, key(Key::C, false)]);
+    assert_eq!(native_menu::key_events(cmd(Key::X), || None), [Event::Cut, key(Key::X, false)]);
+    assert_eq!(native_menu::key_events(cmd(Key::V), || Some("a\r\nb".into())), [Event::Paste("a\nb".into())]);
+    assert_eq!(native_menu::key_events(cmd(Key::V), || None), [], "a picture: the release tells the paste");
+}
+
+/// The fake backend: the menus the app synced, and events to report.
+#[derive(Clone, Default)]
+struct Fake(Rc<RefCell<(Vec<MenuBar>, Vec<native_menu::Event>)>>);
+
+impl Backend for Fake {
+    fn sync(&mut self, bar: &MenuBar) {
+        self.0.borrow_mut().0.push(bar.clone());
+    }
+    fn drain(&mut self) -> Vec<native_menu::Event> {
+        std::mem::take(&mut self.0.borrow_mut().1)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Fake {
+    fn synced(&self) -> usize {
+        self.0.borrow().0.len()
+    }
+    fn last(&self) -> MenuBar {
+        self.0.borrow().0.last().cloned().unwrap()
+    }
+    fn report(&self, e: native_menu::Event) {
+        self.0.borrow_mut().1.push(e);
+    }
+}
+
+/// The app with the fake native menu (or none), driven a whole frame at a time like the desktop
+/// app.
+struct Mac {
+    app: VectorcraftApp,
+    fake: Fake,
+    ctx: egui::Context,
+    time: f64,
+}
+
+impl Mac {
+    fn new(native: bool) -> Self {
+        let mut app = app(true);
+        let fake = Fake::default();
+        if native {
+            app.services.native_menu = Some(NativeMenu::new(Box::new(fake.clone())));
+        }
+        let mut m = Mac { app, fake, ctx: egui::Context::default(), time: 0.0 };
+        for _ in 0..3 {
+            m.frame(vec![]);
+        }
+        m
+    }
+
+    fn frame(&mut self, events: Vec<Event>) -> egui::FullOutput {
+        self.time += 0.1;
+        let mut raw = egui::RawInput {
+            events,
+            time: Some(self.time),
+            screen_rect: Some(Rect::from_min_size(Pos2::ZERO, vec2(1600.0, 850.0))),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        self.app.raw_input_hook(&mut raw);
+        let app = &mut self.app;
+        let mut out = self.ctx.run_ui(raw, |ui| {
+            app.logic(ui.ctx());
+            app.ui(ui);
+        });
+        out.textures_delta.clear();
+        out
+    }
+
+    /// AppKit chose an item by its key equivalent `sc` (⌘ held).
+    fn key_equivalent(&mut self, sc: &str) -> egui::FullOutput {
+        let mut k = crate::shortcuts::parse(sc).unwrap();
+        k.modifiers.mac_cmd = k.modifiers.command;
+        self.fake.report(native_menu::Event::Key(k));
+        self.frame(vec![])
+    }
+
+    fn selected(&self) -> usize {
+        self.app.session.active().unwrap().selection.objects.len()
+    }
+}
+
+/// A key equivalent runs through the app's own key handling, once: ⌘A selects every object, ⌘Z
+/// undoes one step; and frames where nothing changed don't read the menus again.
+#[test]
+fn key_equivalents_run_through_the_normal_shortcut_path_once() {
+    let mut m = Mac::new(true);
+    m.app.run("shape.rectangle", json!({"x": 200, "y": 150, "width": 20, "height": 20})).unwrap();
+    m.app.run("select.none", json!({})).unwrap();
+    m.frame(vec![]);
+    m.key_equivalent("Cmd+A");
+    assert_eq!(m.selected(), 2, "⌘A selected every object");
+    let undo = |m: &Mac| m.app.session.active().unwrap().history.undo.len();
+    let before = undo(&m);
+    m.key_equivalent("Cmd+Z");
+    assert_eq!(undo(&m), before - 1, "⌘Z undid one step");
+    let synced = m.fake.synced();
+    assert!(synced >= 1, "the menus were built");
+    m.frame(vec![]);
+    m.frame(vec![]);
+    assert_eq!(m.fake.synced(), synced, "nothing changed: the menus weren't read again");
+    assert_eq!(crate::control::inspect(&m.app, &m.ctx)["nativeMenuBar"], json!(true));
+}
+
+/// A click runs its command like an in-window click, and the menus follow: View › Show Rulers
+/// reads Hide Rulers afterwards; the app menu's Appearance items run with their params.
+#[test]
+fn clicks_run_their_command_and_the_menus_follow() {
+    let mut m = Mac::new(true);
+    let rulers = find(&m.fake.last(), "view.rulers").clone();
+    let before = m.app.ui.view.rulers;
+    m.fake.report(native_menu::Event::Click(rulers.clone()));
+    m.frame(vec![]);
+    assert_eq!(m.app.ui.view.rulers, !before);
+    assert_ne!(find(&m.fake.last(), "view.rulers").label, rulers.label, "the label flipped");
+    let other = m.fake.last().items().into_iter().find(|it| it.command == Some("window.brightness") && it.checked == Some(false)).cloned().unwrap();
+    m.fake.report(native_menu::Event::Click(other.clone()));
+    m.frame(vec![]);
+    assert_eq!(Some(m.app.ui.brightness.id()), other.params.get("brightness").and_then(Value::as_str));
+    let now = m.fake.last().items().into_iter().find(|it| it.params == other.params).cloned().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(now.checked, Some(true), "the checkmark moved");
+}
+
+/// With a text field focused, the menu's ⌘A and ⌘C act on the field, as the keys do without the
+/// native menu.
+#[test]
+fn a_focused_field_keeps_select_all_and_copy() {
+    let mut m = Mac::new(true);
+    let (id, rect) = m
+        .ctx
+        .viewport(|vp| vp.prev_pass.widgets.layers().flat_map(|(_, w)| w.iter()).map(|w| (w.id, w.rect)).collect::<Vec<_>>())
+        .into_iter()
+        .find(|&(id, _)| m.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<String>(id)).is_some_and(|t| t == "37 pt") && egui::TextEdit::load_state(&m.ctx, id).is_some())
+        .expect("the W field");
+    let click = |pressed| Event::PointerButton { pos: rect.center(), button: PointerButton::Primary, pressed, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE };
+    m.frame(vec![Event::PointerMoved(rect.center()), click(true)]);
+    m.frame(vec![click(false)]);
+    m.frame(vec![Event::Key { key: Key::End, physical_key: None, pressed: true, repeat: false, modifiers: Modifiers::NONE }]);
+    assert!(m.ctx.text_edit_focused());
+    m.key_equivalent("Cmd+A");
+    let r = egui::TextEdit::load_state(&m.ctx, id).and_then(|s| s.cursor.char_range()).unwrap();
+    let (a, b): (usize, usize) = (r.primary.index.into(), r.secondary.index.into());
+    assert_eq!((a.min(b), a.max(b)), (0, 5), "⌘A selected the field's text");
+    assert_eq!(m.selected(), 1, "not the art");
+    let out = m.key_equivalent("Cmd+C");
+    let copied: Vec<_> =
+        out.platform_output.commands.iter().filter_map(|c| if let egui::OutputCommand::CopyText(t) = c { Some(t.as_str()) } else { None }).collect();
+    assert_eq!(copied, ["37 pt"]);
+    assert!(m.app.session.clipboard.is_empty(), "no art copied");
+}
+
+/// With the macOS menu bar the app bar draws no menu titles: each shows once fewer.
+#[test]
+fn the_app_bar_hides_its_menus_with_the_mac_menu_bar() {
+    let texts = |native: bool| {
+        let mut m = Mac::new(native);
+        let out = m.frame(vec![]);
+        out.shapes
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|s| if let egui::Shape::Text(t) = &s.shape { Some(t.galley.text().to_string()) } else { None })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    };
+    let (in_window, native) = (texts(false), texts(true));
+    for (title, _) in menus::menu_tree().iter().skip(1) {
+        let n = |t: &[String]| t.iter().filter(|s| s == title).count();
+        assert_eq!(n(&native) + 1, n(&in_window), "{title}");
+    }
+}

crates/ui-egui/src/tests_paintchips.rs

@@ -242,3 +242,31 @@ fn the_window_menu_panel_keys() {
     app.ui.shortcut_overrides.clear();
     shortcut_editor::sync(&app.ui);
 }
+
+/// Where `shapes` paint the text `s`.
+fn text_rect(shapes: &[Shape], s: &str) -> Option<Rect> {
+    shapes.iter().find_map(|sh| match sh {
+        Shape::Text(t) if t.galley.text() == s => Some(t.visual_bounding_rect()),
+        Shape::Vec(v) => text_rect(v, s),
+        _ => None,
+    })
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn the_transform_link_opens_the_transform_panel() {
+    let mut app = app();
+    app.run("shape.rectangle", json!({"x": 10, "y": 10, "width": 50, "height": 50})).unwrap();
+    let ctx = context();
+    frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![], Modifiers::NONE, control_bar);
+    let shapes = frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![], Modifiers::NONE, control_bar);
+    let link = text_rect(&shapes, "Transform").expect("the Control bar shows the Transform link");
+    assert!(text_rect(&shapes, "Scale Corners").is_none());
+    click(&mut app, &ctx, link.center(), Modifiers::NONE, control_bar);
+    let shapes = frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![], Modifiers::NONE, control_bar);
+    for s in ["Scale Corners", "Scale Strokes & Effects", "0°"] {
+        assert!(text_rect(&shapes, s).is_some(), "the popover shows {s}");
+    }
+    // A click outside closes it.
+    click(&mut app, &ctx, Pos2::new(1300.0, 900.0), Modifiers::NONE, control_bar);
+    assert!(text_rect(&frame(&mut app, &ctx, vec![], Modifiers::NONE, control_bar), "Scale Corners").is_none());
+}

crates/ui-egui/src/tests_save.rs

@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ fn recent_files_show_as_many_as_the_preference_keeps() {
     assert!(menus::enabled(&app, "file.openRecent30"));
     app.session.prefs.recent_files_count = 0;
     assert_eq!((io::recent_files(&app).len(), listed(&app)), (0, 0), "0 hides the list");
-    assert_eq!(menus::listed_slots(&app), 0, "the native menu rebuilds without them");
+    assert!(menus::shown_state(&app, "file.openRecent1", &json!(null)).is_none(), "the slots leave the menus");
     assert!(app.run("file.openRecent1", json!({})).is_err());
     app.session.prefs.recent_files_count = 5;
     assert_eq!(io::recent_files(&app)[0], "/art/34.svg", "hiding them didn't forget them");

crates/ui-egui/src/tests_selectall.rs

@@ -171,3 +171,94 @@ fn cmd_a_on_the_canvas_selects_all_objects() {
     a.menu("select.all");
     assert_eq!(a.selected(), 2, "so does the menu's Select All");
 }
+
+/// The copied texts of a frame's output.
+fn copied(out: &egui::FullOutput) -> Vec<String> {
+    out.platform_output.commands.iter().filter_map(|c| if let egui::OutputCommand::CopyText(t) = c { Some(t.clone()) } else { None }).collect()
+}
+
+/// #516: Ctrl/Cmd+C, X and V in a focused field (the window's own clipboard keys, which egui sends
+/// as Copy, Cut and Paste events) edit the field's text, never the art.
+#[test]
+fn the_clipboard_keys_in_a_focused_field_edit_its_text() {
+    let mut a = App::new();
+    a.app.run("window.panel", json!({"panel": "color"})).unwrap();
+    for _ in 0..3 {
+        a.frame(vec![]);
+    }
+    for text in ["37 pt", "FFFFFF"] {
+        let (id, rect) = a.field(text);
+        a.frame(vec![Event::PointerMoved(rect.center()), click(rect.center(), true)]);
+        a.frame(vec![click(rect.center(), false)]);
+        a.frame(vec![press(Key::A, Modifiers::COMMAND)]);
+        assert!(a.ctx.memory(|m| m.has_focus(id)), "{text}: the field has the keyboard");
+        let out = a.frame(vec![Event::Copy]);
+        assert_eq!(copied(&out), [text], "Copy copies the field's text");
+        assert!(a.app.session.clipboard.is_empty(), "{text}: no art copied");
+        let out = a.frame(vec![Event::Cut]);
+        assert_eq!(copied(&out), [text], "Cut cuts the field's text");
+        a.frame(vec![Event::Paste("12".into())]);
+        assert_eq!(a.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<String>(id)).as_deref(), Some("12"), "Paste pastes into the field");
+        assert_eq!(a.selected(), 1, "{text}: the art stays");
+        a.frame(vec![press(Key::Escape, Modifiers::NONE)]);
+    }
+}
+
+/// The centre of the text `label` painted last (in the topmost layer) in a frame's output; with
+/// `title`, the first one painted (the menu bar's).
+fn text_at(out: &egui::FullOutput, label: &str, title: bool) -> Pos2 {
+    let mut shapes: Box<dyn Iterator<Item = _>> = if title { Box::new(out.shapes.iter()) } else { Box::new(out.shapes.iter().rev()) };
+    shapes
+        .find_map(|s| match &s.shape {
+            egui::Shape::Text(t) if t.galley.text().trim() == label => Some(Rect::from_min_size(t.pos, t.galley.size()).center()),
+            _ => None,
+        })
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("no {label:?} painted"))
+}
+
+/// A click on `at` → the frame after it.
+fn click_at(a: &mut App, at: Pos2) -> egui::FullOutput {
+    a.frame(vec![Event::PointerMoved(at), click(at, true)]);
+    a.frame(vec![click(at, false)]);
+    a.frame(vec![])
+}
+
+/// The in-window menus' Select › All, Edit › Copy and Edit › Paste act on the text field that had the keyboard
+/// when the menu was opened (the click on the menu took it), and give it the keyboard back.
+#[test]
+fn the_in_window_edit_menu_acts_on_the_field_it_was_opened_from() {
+    let mut a = App::new();
+    // Text on the system clipboard.
+    a.app.services.clipboard_read = Some(Box::new(|| Some("42 pt".into())));
+    let (id, rect) = a.field("37 pt");
+    a.frame(vec![Event::PointerMoved(rect.center()), click(rect.center(), true)]);
+    a.frame(vec![click(rect.center(), false)]);
+    let out = a.frame(vec![press(Key::End, Modifiers::NONE)]);
+    let (edit, select) = (text_at(&out, "Edit", true), text_at(&out, "Select", true));
+    let menu = |a: &mut App, title: Pos2, item: &str| {
+        let out = click_at(a, title);
+        assert!(!a.ctx.text_edit_focused(), "the menu took the keyboard");
+        click_at(a, text_at(&out, item, false))
+    };
+    menu(&mut a, select, "All");
+    assert!(a.ctx.memory(|m| m.has_focus(id)), "the field has the keyboard back");
+    assert_eq!(a.field_selection(id), Some((0, 5)), "Select All selected the field's text");
+    assert_eq!(a.selected(), 1, "not the art");
+    a.frame(vec![press(Key::End, Modifiers::NONE)]);
+    a.frame(vec![press(Key::A, Modifiers::COMMAND)]);
+    a.frame(vec![]);
+    let out = menu(&mut a, edit, "Copy");
+    assert_eq!(copied(&out), ["37 pt"], "Copy copied the field's text");
+    assert!(a.app.session.clipboard.is_empty(), "no art copied");
+    // Art on the app's clipboard (Paste is enabled): the field still takes the text.
+    a.app.run("edit.copy", json!({})).unwrap();
+    a.frame(vec![press(Key::A, Modifiers::COMMAND)]);
+    menu(&mut a, edit, "Paste");
+    assert_eq!(a.ctx.data(|d| d.get_temp::<String>(id)).as_deref(), Some("42 pt"), "Paste pasted into the field");
+    assert_eq!(a.selected(), 1, "nothing pasted on the canvas");
+    // With no field focused, the menu's Select All selects the art.
+    a.frame(vec![press(Key::Escape, Modifiers::NONE)]);
+    a.frame(vec![]);
+    menu(&mut a, select, "All");
+    assert_eq!(a.selected(), 2);
+}

crates/ui-egui/src/widgets.rs

@@ -806,18 +806,23 @@ pub fn opacity_blend(
     edit
 }
 
-/// The 3×3 reference point locator. Returns a new index when clicked.
+/// The 3×3 reference point locator: nine squares, the eight outer ones joined by a line around
+/// the box (the centre one stands alone), the current one filled. Returns a new index when clicked.
 pub fn reference_point(ui: &mut Ui, current: usize) -> Option<usize> {
     let t = Tokens::get(ui.ctx());
-    let size = 22.0;
+    // 5 pt squares with 4 pt gaps; the origin is snapped to whole points so the 1 pt lines through
+    // the squares' centres stay crisp.
+    let (sq, step) = (5.0, 9.0);
+    let size = 2.0 * step + sq;
     let (rect, _) = ui.allocate_exact_size(Vec2::splat(size), Sense::hover());
+    let o = rect.min.round();
+    let centre = |i: usize| o + Vec2::new(sq / 2.0 + (i % 3) as f32 * step, sq / 2.0 + (i / 3) as f32 * step);
+    let line = Stroke::new(1.0, t.text_dim);
+    ui.painter().rect_stroke(Rect::from_two_pos(centre(0), centre(8)), 0.0, line, StrokeKind::Middle);
     let mut out = None;
-    let step = size / 2.0 - 2.5;
-    ui.painter().rect_stroke(rect.shrink(4.5), 0.0, Stroke::new(1.0, t.text_dim), StrokeKind::Middle);
     for i in 0..9 {
-        let c = Pos2::new(rect.left() + 3.0 + (i % 3) as f32 * step + 1.5, rect.top() + 3.0 + (i / 3) as f32 * step + 1.5);
-        let r = Rect::from_center_size(c, Vec2::splat(5.0));
-        let resp = ui.interact(r.expand(1.5), ui.id().with(("refpt", i)), Sense::click());
+        let r = Rect::from_center_size(centre(i), Vec2::splat(sq));
+        let resp = ui.interact(r.expand(2.0), ui.id().with(("refpt", i)), Sense::click());
         if resp.clicked() {
             out = Some(i);
         }
@@ -825,7 +830,7 @@ pub fn reference_point(ui: &mut Ui, current: usize) -> Option<usize> {
             ui.painter().rect_filled(r, 0.0, t.text);
         } else {
             ui.painter().rect_filled(r, 0.0, t.panel);
-            ui.painter().rect_stroke(r, 0.0, Stroke::new(1.0, t.text_dim), StrokeKind::Inside);
+            ui.painter().rect_stroke(r, 0.0, Stroke::new(1.0, if resp.hovered() { t.text } else { t.text_dim }), StrokeKind::Inside);
         }
     }
     out

docs/control-protocol.md

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ so only enable it while you use it. Transport: `apps/vectorcraft/src/control_ser
 | `engine.execute` | `{command, params}` | run any engine or UI command (see `engine.commands`) |
 | `engine.commands` | | every command with label, shortcut, params doc, enablement |
 | `document.inspect` | `{depth?, childLimit?}` | layer tree, selection, history, paint defaults; the options slice the layer tree as `document.node {summary: true}` does |
-| `ui.inspect` | | tool, UI state, `screenMode` (0 normal, 1 full screen with menu bar, 2 full screen, 3 Presentation Mode), `taskBar` (`pinned`, and `rect` `[x, y, w, h]` while the Contextual Task Bar shows), view, canvas rect, window size, perf, background saves and exports still running |
+| `ui.inspect` | | tool, UI state, `screenMode` (0 normal, 1 full screen with menu bar, 2 full screen, 3 Presentation Mode), `taskBar` (`pinned`, and `rect` `[x, y, w, h]` while the Contextual Task Bar shows), view, canvas rect, window size, perf, background saves and exports still running, `nativeMenuBar` (true when the menus are in the macOS menu bar rather than the window; `ui.menu.list` lists the in-window menus either way) |
 | `ui.menu.list` / `ui.menu.invoke` | `{command, params}` | the full menu tree / invoke an item |
 | `ui.contextMenu.list` | | the canvas context menu for the current selection, flattened like `ui.menu.list` (`path` holds its submenus). `ui.click {x, y, button: "right"}` on the canvas opens it, after selecting the object there unless it is already selected |
 | `ui.tool.select` / `ui.tool.list` | `{tool}` | |

docs/development.md

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ How the web shell (`apps/vectorcraft-web/src/web.rs`) differs from desktop:
 
 The canvas is rasterized on the CPU (`vectorcraft-render`, vello_cpu); the GPU (wgpu, through eframe) only composites the canvas texture and draws the UI, so any GPU that can show the window will do. The desktop app picks the window's adapter itself (`apps/vectorcraft/src/gpu.rs`, eframe's `native_adapter_selector`) and logs every adapter it found and the one it uses.
 
-- **Order:** adapters that report they can't present to the window are never tried; then the one `WGPU_ADAPTER_NAME` names; hardware before software (llvmpipe, WARP); the native backends (Vulkan, Metal, DX12) before OpenGL; then the power preference, keeping the system's order among equals.
+- **Order:** adapters that report they can't present to the window are never tried; then the one `WGPU_ADAPTER_NAME` names; hardware before software (llvmpipe, WARP); the native backends (Vulkan, Metal, DX12) before OpenGL; then the power preference; then, on Windows, where each GPU is listed under both, a GPU's DX12 adapter before its Vulkan one (Intel's Vulkan driver made the whole window flicker black, #545), keeping the system's order among equals. `WGPU_BACKEND=vulkan` still picks Vulkan.
 - **Preferences › Performance › Graphics Processor** (`gpuPreference`): `automatic` (the default), `lowPower` (Power Saving, the integrated GPU) or `highPerformance` (the discrete GPU). The adapter is chosen when the window opens, so a change applies after a restart.
   - **Automatic on Windows and macOS** is power saving: the system shows frames from any GPU, and presenting frames rendered on a discrete GPU through the integrated one made the window flicker on some hybrid laptops (#306).
   - **Automatic on Linux and the BSDs** keeps the system's order: Mesa's Vulkan device-select layer puts the GPU the desktop runs on first (the integrated one on hybrid laptops; `DRI_PRIME` and `MESA_VK_DEVICE_SELECT` steer it). A Wayland compositor may not accept frames from another GPU: on a desktop whose compositor ran on an NVIDIA GPU, rendering on the Ryzen's integrated GPU made KWin end the window's connection ("importing the supplied dmabufs failed") and 0.5.0 crashed at startup (#502).
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ By default VectorCraft's own crates log at `info` and everything else at `warn`.
 | Variable | Effect |
 |---|---|
 | `VECTORCRAFT_CONTROL_PORT` | Same as `--control <port>` |
+| `VECTORCRAFT_IN_WINDOW_MENUS` | Any value but empty or `0`: same as `--in-window-menus` (see [macOS: the menu bar](#macos-the-menu-bar)) |
 | `VECTORCRAFT_NO_PREFS` | No preferences read or written, no default Data Recovery folder and no log file (agents' test runs) |
 | `WGPU_POWER_PREF` | Graphics adapter: `low`, `high` or `none` (see [Desktop graphics processor](#desktop-graphics-processor)) |
 | `WGPU_ADAPTER_NAME` | Graphics adapter by (part of) its name, any case (see [Desktop graphics processor](#desktop-graphics-processor)) |
@@ -69,6 +70,15 @@ By default VectorCraft's own crates log at `info` and everything else at `warn`.
 | `VECTORCRAFT_GPU_SKIP` | Set by the app when it starts again without a graphics adapter that failed (see [Desktop graphics processor](#desktop-graphics-processor)) |
 | `RUST_LOG` | Log levels for standard error and the log file (see [Logs](#logs)) |
 
+## macOS: the menu bar
+
+On macOS the menus live in the system menu bar, not in the window's app bar (which keeps the brand mark, Home, the search box and the workspace switcher next to the traffic lights). `--in-window-menus` or `VECTORCRAFT_IN_WINDOW_MENUS=1` keeps them in the window, as on Windows, Linux and the web; so does a menu bar AppKit refuses to build (logged). `ui.inspect` says which with `nativeMenuBar`.
+
+- **One menu model.** `crates/ui-egui/src/native_menu.rs` (platform-free, tested on every platform) builds the menu bar from the in-window menus (`menus::menu_tree`, each item through `menus::entry`, which the in-window menus draw too) and lays it out the Mac way: the VectorCraft menu holds About, Settings ▸ (one item per Preferences page, General… ⌘K), Language ▸, Appearance ▸ (UI brightness), Services, Hide VectorCraft ⌃⌘H (⌘H stays View › Hide Edges), Hide Others ⌥⌘H, Show All and Quit ⌘Q (the app's own `app.quit`, so unsaved documents are asked about); those leave Edit and Help. Window starts with Minimize ⌃⌘M and Zoom and ends with Bring All to Front, and Help is the system's Help menu (its search field). A system key a command (or a user's shortcut) already has stays the command's, and the log says so.
+- **The native side** is `apps/vectorcraft/src/mac_menu.rs`: muda (`=0.21.1`, default features off, macOS only, no `unsafe`) builds the `NSMenu`s. Labels, enabled and checked are updated in place when anything they show may have changed (a command ran, the document, its history or selection changed, a click or a key press); a change of structure (a recent file, the language, a shortcut) rebuilds the menus.
+- **Keys stay with egui.** AppKit runs a menu's key equivalents before the window sees the key, so the item's key goes back to egui as the key press it was (⌘X/⌘C/⌘V as egui's Cut/Copy/Paste events), through `raw_input_hook`: `shortcuts::handle` runs it once, user shortcuts apply, and a focused text field keeps ⌘A, ⌘C, ⌘V and ⌘Z. A click runs the item like an in-window click. Bare keys and ⌥/⇧ chords are never key equivalents (they type).
+- Built and clippy-checked for `aarch64-apple-darwin` and `x86_64-apple-darwin` from any host: `cargo clippy -p vectorcraft --target aarch64-apple-darwin --all-targets -- -D warnings`.
+
 ## Linux: Wayland and X11
 
 The window runs natively on Wayland (eframe's `wayland` feature) and on X11. On machines with two GPUs it renders on the one the desktop runs on unless Preferences say otherwise; see [Desktop graphics processor](#desktop-graphics-processor) (#502). The system clipboard (`apps/vectorcraft/src/clipboard.rs`) is arboard with its `wayland-data-control` feature:
@@ -124,7 +134,8 @@ Languages shipped: English (`en`, the source), Traditional Chinese (`zh-hant`, c
 in Taiwan; `zh-TW`, `zh-HK`, `zh-MO` and `zh-Hant-*` locales all resolve to it), Simplified Chinese (`zh-hans`,
 complete, in the vocabulary used in mainland China; `zh-CN`, `zh-SG`, `zh-Hans-*` and a bare `zh` resolve to it,
 so the two scripts never mix), Japanese (`ja`, complete), Spanish (`es`, complete, in neutral
-international Spanish; every `es-*` locale such as `es-ES`, `es-MX`, `es-AR` or `es-419` resolves to it), Czech (`cs`, every menu label) and Brazilian Portuguese
+international Spanish; every `es-*` locale such as `es-ES`, `es-MX`, `es-AR` or `es-419` resolves to it), Italian (`it`,
+complete; `it-IT`, `it-CH` and every other `it-*` locale resolve to it), Czech (`cs`, every menu label) and Brazilian Portuguese
 (`pt-br`, every menu label and every `tl!` literal). Untranslated text falls back to English until its rows are added.
 
 - `tl!("…")` translates a literal into the language the UI is drawn in; `i18n::t(s)` is the same for a
@@ -152,10 +163,10 @@ international Spanish; every `es-*` locale such as `es-ES`, `es-MX`, `es-AR` or
   control channel, MCP and tests read them) and are translated only where the status bar draws them
   (`i18n::msg`). `@msg` catalog rows hold a whole message or a template such as
   `Couldn't open {name}: {e}`; `{_1}`, `{_2}` … stand for the format string's `{}`, and the values in the
-  placeholders are translated in turn (the reason after `: {e}` is often a message too). Spanish covers every
+  placeholders are translated in turn (the reason after `: {e}` is often a message too). Spanish and Italian cover every
   message literal the test scan finds (`complete_languages_translate_every_message`, languages listed in
   `COMPLETE_MESSAGES`): a new `Err("…")`, `Other(…)`, `#[error(…)]` or `status(…)` message needs an `es.tsv`
-  row (`VECTORCRAFT_I18N_DUMP_MESSAGES=messages.txt cargo test -p vectorcraft-ui-egui
+  and an `it.tsv` row (`VECTORCRAFT_I18N_DUMP_MESSAGES=messages.txt cargo test -p vectorcraft-ui-egui
   complete_languages_translate_every_message` lists them all). Other languages show messages in English
   until they add `@msg` rows.
 - Not translated on purpose: names that are user data (layers, swatches, fonts, documents), the tab

docs/mcp.md

@@ -1226,8 +1226,8 @@ off, an empty window, and the Home button or `app.home` still shows the screen)
 default: on, a click away from a panel popped out of the icon column puts it away).
 
 The Smart Guides preferences (Preferences › Smart Guides) apply to `pointer_gesture` with Smart Guides on (the
-default view) and to the mouse; they change what the tools show and how far a target pulls, never where a snapped
-point lands:
+default view) and to the mouse; they change what the tools show and how far a target pulls, and only Construction
+Guides change where a snapped point lands:
 
 - `smartGuideColor` (`#ff3dfc` by default): the colour of the smart guides' lines and labels.
 - `alignmentGuides` (on by default): off, no line is drawn along the edge or centre the art lines up with; the art
@@ -1242,6 +1242,11 @@ point lands:
 - `snappingTolerance` (0–40 px, 4 by default): how near an anchor, edge, centre or artboard edge pulls a drawn point,
   a dragged selection, a bounding-box handle, a ruler guide or an artboard. With Smart Guides off, Snap to Point uses
   `snapToPointTolerance` instead.
+- `constructionGuides` (on by default) and `constructionAngles` (`90° & 45° Angles` by default; also `90° Angles`,
+  `45° Angles`, `60° Angles`, `30° Angles`, `90° & 45° & 30° Angles`): a point drawn near a line at one of those
+  angles through the point it leaves from (the Pen's or Curvature tool's last anchor, a line's start) lands on that
+  line, where a target's alignment line crosses it if one does nearby. "90°" gives the horizontal and the vertical,
+  "45°" the diagonals, "60°" and "30°" the multiples of those angles in between. Off, the point only lines up.
 
 With Smart Guides on, a bounding-box handle dragged with the Selection or Free Transform tool (`mods.shift`
 proportional, `mods.alt` from the centre) lands on another object's anchor or centre (labelled "anchor" or
@@ -1253,7 +1258,26 @@ snap the pointer as drawing tools do, so dragging a corner onto another object's
 {"name":"pointer_gesture","arguments":{"tool":"scale","events":[{"kind":"down","x":100,"y":100},{"kind":"up","x":100,"y":100},{"kind":"down","x":199,"y":198},{"kind":"drag","x":302,"y":262},{"kind":"up","x":302,"y":262}]}}
 ```
 
-Not read yet: Construction Guides and their Angles, and Spacing Guides (the tools draw neither).
+Every point a drawing tool places snaps the same way, through one snapper (#506): the Pen's and Curvature tool's
+anchors, the Pencil's first and last point, the shape tools' start and dragged corner or radius (`rectangle`,
+`roundedRectangle`, `ellipse`, `polygon`, `star`, `lineSegment`, `arc`, `spiral`, `rectangularGrid`, `polarGrid`), the
+Type tool's click and frame, and a new artboard's corners. The point lands on another object's anchor, centre or
+path ("anchor", "center", "path"), else lines up with the anchors, edges and centres of the art and the artboards (a
+line from the target and "align"); the Pen's lands on the path being drawn too, so a click on its first anchor closes
+it exactly. With `mods.shift` the point keeps to its 45° step from the anchor before it (from `constrainAngle`; a box
+dragged keeps its corner on a diagonal) and slides along that way into line with the nearest target. A `move` event
+before the press shows where it would go, as hovering does with the mouse. The targets are the art in the window (all
+of it headless), gathered once per document state; the shape being drawn is never one of them:
+
+```json
+{"name":"pointer_gesture","arguments":{"tool":"rectangle","events":[{"kind":"down","x":202,"y":203},{"kind":"drag","x":330,"y":341},{"kind":"up","x":330,"y":341}]}}
+{"name":"pointer_gesture","arguments":{"tool":"pen","events":[{"kind":"down","x":300,"y":420},{"kind":"up","x":300,"y":420},{"kind":"down","x":151.5,"y":431},{"kind":"up","x":151.5,"y":431}]}}
+```
+
+With a 100 × 100 square at (100, 100), the first starts the rectangle on its corner (200, 200); the second puts the
+Pen's second anchor at (150, 431), in line with the square's centre.
+
+Not read yet: Spacing Guides (the tools draw none).
 
 ## Type preferences
 
@@ -2190,6 +2214,19 @@ undo step.
 {"name":"run_command","arguments":{"command":"text.setFormat","params":{"burasagari":"forced"}}}
 ```
 
+## New type in a Japanese interface
+
+While the interface is in Japanese (VectorCraft › Language, or `auto` on a Japanese system), new type starts with em
+box top-to-top leading (`leadingModel: "emBoxTop"`) and em box centre character alignment (`charAlign: "emBoxCenter"`);
+in other languages it starts on the Roman baseline (#432). This covers the Type tools,
+`text.create` and `text.createInPath`, which also take `leadingModel` and `charAlign` to choose, and `paraStyle.new` /
+`charStyle.new` made with no `attrs` and no text selected. The values used are kept in the journal, so a replay sets the
+same in any language. Saved documents keep what they say, and imported text (PDF, SVG, DXF…) keeps the Roman baseline.
+
+```json
+{"name":"run_command","arguments":{"command":"text.create","params":{"x":40,"y":60,"text":"雅楽","leadingModel":"emBoxTop","charAlign":"emBoxCenter"}}}
+```
+
 ## Moving and flipping type on a path
 
 Type on a path flows between a start and an end bracket, stored as fractions of its path's length.