diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 785493348..dfdde30e7 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -995,6 +995,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "zip 9.1.0",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "craft-web-host"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/storytold/craft-libs?rev=2e2312ddaf21bc3d85cd3395d0955c7d239306f6#2e2312ddaf21bc3d85cd3395d0955c7d239306f6"
+dependencies = [
+ "wasm-bindgen",
+ "web-sys",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "craft-window"
 version = "0.1.0"
@@ -2186,6 +2195,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "gridcraft-web"
 version = "0.16.0"
 dependencies = [
+ "craft-web-host",
  "eframe",
  "egui",
  "gridcraft-engine",
diff --git a/apps/gridcraft-web/Cargo.toml b/apps/gridcraft-web/Cargo.toml
index e384ffe09..e5c599bd8 100644
--- a/apps/gridcraft-web/Cargo.toml
+++ b/apps/gridcraft-web/Cargo.toml
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ path = "src/main.rs"
 [dependencies]
 gridcraft-engine = { workspace = true }
 gridcraft-ui-egui = { workspace = true }
+# The host messages (storytold/craft-libs): one contract and one bridge for the web builds.
+craft-web-host = { git = "https://github.com/storytold/craft-libs", rev = "2e2312ddaf21bc3d85cd3395d0955c7d239306f6", version = "0.1.0" }
 egui = { workspace = true }
 log = { workspace = true }
 serde_json = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/apps/gridcraft-web/src/host.rs b/apps/gridcraft-web/src/host.rs
index 0ab4fefbb..4a7193b73 100644
--- a/apps/gridcraft-web/src/host.rs
+++ b/apps/gridcraft-web/src/host.rs
@@ -1,127 +1,61 @@
 //! Host modes: a page that runs GridCraft (as an iframe, or in its own document) opens workbooks
-//! in it and stores what it saves instead of the browser downloading.
+//! in it and stores what it saves instead of the browser downloading. The messages and the two
+//! transports are `craft-web-host`'s (storytold/craft-libs), the same contract as the other Craft
+//! apps' bridges, with the `gridcraft:` prefix. This module is GridCraft's part of it.
 //!
-//! ## `?host=parent` — an `<iframe>` (such as a Nextcloud app)
-//!
-//! The framing page and GridCraft talk over `postMessage` between same-origin windows. Messages
-//! are plain objects with a `type`:
-//!
-//! - `gridcraft:ready` (to the parent): `{ version }`, the app is listening; send a file now.
-//! - `gridcraft:open` (from the parent): `{ name, bytes }`, bytes an `ArrayBuffer` or
-//!   `Uint8Array`. It opens like a workbook picked with File › Open or dropped on the window.
-//! - `gridcraft:save` (to the parent): `{ name, bytes }` (a transferred `ArrayBuffer`) for every
-//!   file GridCraft would otherwise download: Save and Save As (an .xlsx workbook) and Export
-//!   as PDF. The parent stores it and reports failures itself.
-//! - `gridcraft:dirty` (to the parent): `{ dirty }` whenever unsaved changes appear or go away.
-//! - `gridcraft:failed` (to the parent): `{ error }` when the app couldn't start.
-//!
-//! Only the parent window on the page's own origin is heard or answered.
-//!
-//! ## `data-host="page"` — the page's own document
-//!
-//! A page that loads the module into its own document (its own `<canvas id="gridcraft_canvas">`
-//! with `data-host="page"`, no iframe) gets the same behaviour over DOM `CustomEvent`s on the
-//! canvas instead of `postMessage`: the same four events outward (`ready`, `save`, `dirty`,
-//! `failed`, with the message fields as the event's `detail`), and the page dispatches
-//! `gridcraft:open` on the canvas with `detail: { name, bytes }` to open a workbook. Events don't
-//! bubble, so two editors on one page can't hear each other, and the canvas is the only target
-//! GridCraft listens on.
+//! - `?host=parent` (an `<iframe>`, such as a Nextcloud app) talks to the same-origin parent over
+//!   `postMessage`; `data-host="page"` on the canvas (the page's own document, no iframe) uses
+//!   DOM `CustomEvent`s on the canvas instead. `?host=parent` wins when both are present. With no
+//!   parent, or a parent on another origin, there is no bridge: the normal app with downloads.
+//! - `gridcraft:ready` once the app is listening; send a file now. GridCraft reads bytes, so it
+//!   says `file: false` and a host sends `bytes`.
+//! - `gridcraft:open` (from the host): `{ name, bytes }`. It opens like a workbook picked with
+//!   File › Open or dropped on the window; a file over [`MAX_OPEN_BYTES`] is refused before it is
+//!   copied.
+//! - `gridcraft:save` (to the host): `{ name, saveAs, bytes }` for every file GridCraft would
+//!   otherwise download: Save and Save As (an .xlsx workbook) and Export as PDF. The host stores
+//!   it and reports failures itself. GridCraft doesn't tell the host which saves make a file the
+//!   document, so `saveAs` is always `false`.
+//! - `gridcraft:dirty` whenever unsaved changes appear or go away, `gridcraft:failed` when the
+//!   app couldn't start.
 //!
 //! In both host modes the page starts with an empty workbook instead of a sample, saves and PDF
 //! exports are handed to the page rather than downloaded, and `?author=` names the user for new
 //! notes and comments.
 
-use std::cell::{Cell, RefCell};
+use std::cell::RefCell;
 use std::rc::Rc;
 
+use craft_web_host::web::{FileData, Host, Message};
 use gridcraft_ui_egui::{Inbox, Services, SheetApp};
-use wasm_bindgen::JsCast as _;
-use wasm_bindgen::JsValue;
-use wasm_bindgen::closure::Closure;
 
 use crate::hostmode::open_name;
 
-/// Saving one of these hands the whole workbook to the host, which stores it: the workbook
-/// counts as saved under that name, as it would after Save on the desktop.
+/// The app id in the host messages (`gridcraft:ready`).
+const APP: &str = "gridcraft";
+
+/// Saved files that count as a workbook: the document is then clean under the name it was saved as.
 const WORKBOOK_EXTS: &[&str] = &["xlsx"];
 
-/// The largest file the host may hand over to open, checked before it is copied (the app's own readers have their own limits).
+/// The largest workbook taken from the host page, refused before it is copied.
 const MAX_OPEN_BYTES: u64 = 512 << 20;
 
-/// The longest file name taken from the host.
-const MAX_NAME_CHARS: usize = 255;
-
 /// The longest user name taken from `?author=`.
 const MAX_AUTHOR_CHARS: usize = 200;
 
-/// How a host page is reached. The modes behave the same; they differ only in how an event goes
-/// out ([`Transport::send`]) and how an open request comes in ([`Bridge::listen`]).
-#[derive(Clone)]
-enum Transport {
-    /// `?host=parent`: `postMessage` between same-origin windows.
-    Parent { window: web_sys::Window, parent: web_sys::Window, origin: String },
-    /// `data-host="page"`: DOM `CustomEvent`s on the editor's own canvas.
-    Page { canvas: web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement },
-}
-
-impl Transport {
-    /// Hand an event to the host. In parent mode this is a `postMessage` with a `type` field; in
-    /// page mode a `CustomEvent` of that name on the canvas, whose `detail` holds the fields and
-    /// which never bubbles (two editors on one page must not hear each other).
-    fn send(&self, event: &str, fields: &[(&str, JsValue)], transfer: Option<&js_sys::ArrayBuffer>) -> Result<(), String> {
-        match self {
-            Transport::Parent { parent, origin, .. } => {
-                let mut message_fields = Vec::with_capacity(fields.len() + 1);
-                message_fields.push(("type", JsValue::from_str(event)));
-                message_fields.extend_from_slice(fields);
-                let message = message(&message_fields).ok_or_else(|| "couldn't build the message".to_string())?;
-                let sent = match transfer {
-                    Some(buffer) => parent.post_message_with_transfer(&message, origin, &js_sys::Array::of1(buffer)),
-                    // `None` is only ever passed for the parent mode's small events; the page mode
-                    // can't transfer anyway (below).
-                    None => parent.post_message(&message, origin),
-                };
-                sent.map_err(|e| js_error(&e, "couldn't post the message"))
-            }
-            Transport::Page { canvas } => {
-                let detail = message(fields).ok_or_else(|| "couldn't build the event detail".to_string())?;
-                let init = web_sys::CustomEventInit::new();
-                init.set_bubbles(false);
-                init.set_detail(&detail);
-                let custom = web_sys::CustomEvent::new_with_event_init_dict(event, &init).map_err(|e| js_error(&e, "couldn't create the event"))?;
-                canvas.dispatch_event(&custom).map_err(|e| js_error(&e, "couldn't dispatch the event"))?;
-                Ok(())
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct Bridge {
-    transport: Transport,
+    host: Rc<Host>,
     /// Names of the files handed to the host since the last frame.
     saved: Rc<RefCell<Vec<String>>>,
-    /// The unsaved-changes state last reported to the host.
-    reported: Rc<Cell<Option<bool>>>,
 }
 
 impl Bridge {
-    /// The parent bridge for `?host=parent`; `None` when the page isn't framed (there is no
-    /// parent to talk to), so opening that URL directly stays the normal app with downloads.
-    pub fn new() -> Option<Self> {
-        let window = web_sys::window()?;
-        let parent = window.parent().ok().flatten()?;
-        if js_sys::Object::is(&parent, &window) {
-            return None;
-        }
-        let origin = window.location().origin().ok()?;
-        Some(Self { transport: Transport::Parent { window, parent, origin }, saved: Rc::default(), reported: Rc::default() })
-    }
-
-    /// The page bridge for `data-host="page"`: the host page runs GridCraft in its own document
-    /// and hears the editor's DOM `CustomEvent`s on this canvas.
-    pub fn for_page(canvas: &web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement) -> Self {
-        Self { transport: Transport::Page { canvas: canvas.clone() }, saved: Rc::default(), reported: Rc::default() }
+    /// The bridge for this page, or `None` when GridCraft isn't hosted: no `?host=parent` and no
+    /// `data-host="page"` on the canvas, an unframed `?host=parent` page (it stays the normal app
+    /// with downloads), or a parent on another origin.
+    pub fn detect(canvas: &web_sys::HtmlCanvasElement) -> Option<Self> {
+        Some(Self { host: Rc::new(Host::connect(APP, canvas)?), saved: Rc::default() })
     }
 
     /// Send saved and exported files to the host instead of downloading them, and hear files
@@ -145,15 +79,16 @@ impl Bridge {
     }
 
     pub fn post_ready(&self) {
-        let _ = self.transport.send("gridcraft:ready", &[("version", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION").into())], None);
+        let _ = self.host.post_ready(env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"), false);
     }
 
     pub fn post_failed(&self, error: &str) {
-        let _ = self.transport.send("gridcraft:failed", &[("error", error.into())], None);
+        let _ = self.host.post_failed(error, None);
     }
 
     /// After each frame: a workbook handed to the host this frame counts as saved under the
-    /// name it was saved as, and the host hears when unsaved changes appear or go away.
+    /// name it was saved as, and the host hears when unsaved changes appear or go away (the
+    /// crate does not repeat a state it already reported).
     pub fn sync(&self, app: &mut SheetApp) {
         let saved = std::mem::take(&mut *self.saved.borrow_mut());
         if let Some(name) = saved.iter().rev().find(|name| is_workbook(name))
@@ -164,70 +99,39 @@ impl Bridge {
                 doc.title = name.clone();
             }
         }
-        let dirty = app.session.documents().iter().any(|d| d.is_dirty());
-        if self.reported.get() != Some(dirty) && self.transport.send("gridcraft:dirty", &[("dirty", dirty.into())], None).is_ok() {
-            self.reported.set(Some(dirty));
-        }
+        self.host.post_dirty(app.session.documents().iter().any(|d| d.is_dirty()));
     }
 
     fn post_save(&self, path: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<(), String> {
         let name = file_name(path);
-        // `gridcraft:save` carries the bytes as an `ArrayBuffer`; the parent bridge transfers it.
-        let buffer = js_sys::Uint8Array::from(bytes).buffer();
-        self.transport.send("gridcraft:save", &[("name", name.as_str().into()), ("bytes", buffer.clone().into())], Some(&buffer))?;
+        self.host.post_save(&name, bytes, None, false)?;
         self.saved.borrow_mut().push(name);
         Ok(())
     }
 
     fn listen(&self, inbox: Inbox, ctx: egui::Context) {
-        match &self.transport {
-            Transport::Parent { window, parent, origin } => {
-                let parent = parent.clone();
-                let origin = origin.clone();
-                let on_message = Closure::<dyn FnMut(web_sys::MessageEvent)>::new(move |event: web_sys::MessageEvent| {
-                    if event.origin() != origin || !event.source().is_some_and(|s| js_sys::Object::is(&s, &parent)) {
-                        return;
-                    }
-                    let data = event.data();
-                    if string(&data, "type").as_deref() != Some("gridcraft:open") {
-                        return;
-                    }
-                    deliver_open(&inbox, &ctx, &data);
-                });
-                if window.add_event_listener_with_callback("message", on_message.as_ref().unchecked_ref()).is_ok() {
-                    // The listener lives as long as the page.
-                    on_message.forget();
-                }
+        self.host.listen(move |message| {
+            if let Message::Open { name, data } = message {
+                deliver_open(&inbox, &ctx, &name, &data);
             }
-            Transport::Page { canvas } => {
-                let on_open = Closure::<dyn FnMut(web_sys::Event)>::new(move |event: web_sys::Event| {
-                    let Some(open) = event.dyn_ref::<web_sys::CustomEvent>() else { return };
-                    let detail = open.detail();
-                    deliver_open(&inbox, &ctx, &detail);
-                });
-                if canvas.add_event_listener_with_callback("gridcraft:open", on_open.as_ref().unchecked_ref()).is_ok() {
-                    // The listener lives as long as the page.
-                    on_open.forget();
-                }
-            }
-        }
+        });
     }
 }
 
-/// The file an open message or event carries, pushed onto the inbox for the next frame, like a
-/// dropped file.
-fn deliver_open(inbox: &Inbox, ctx: &egui::Context, data: &JsValue) {
-    if let Some((name, bytes)) = open_payload(data) {
-        inbox.lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner()).push((name, bytes));
-        ctx.request_repaint();
+/// The file an open message carries, pushed onto the inbox for the next frame, like a dropped
+/// file. A host's file is untrusted input: an oversized one is refused before it is copied into
+/// the app's memory (the data's own length, not the host's claim).
+fn deliver_open(inbox: &Inbox, ctx: &egui::Context, name: &str, data: &FileData) {
+    let FileData::Bytes(array) = data else {
+        log::warn!("host file {name} came as a File; GridCraft reads bytes only; not opened");
+        return;
+    };
+    if data.size() > MAX_OPEN_BYTES as f64 {
+        log::warn!("host file is {} bytes, over the {} MiB host open limit; not opened", data.size(), MAX_OPEN_BYTES >> 20);
+        return;
     }
-}
-
-/// The file an open message or event carries: a usable name and the bytes.
-fn open_payload(data: &JsValue) -> Option<(String, Vec<u8>)> {
-    let name: String = open_name(string(data, "name").as_deref()).chars().take(MAX_NAME_CHARS).collect();
-    let bytes = bytes(data)?;
-    Some((name, bytes))
+    inbox.lock().unwrap_or_else(|e| e.into_inner()).push((open_name(name), array.to_vec()));
+    ctx.request_repaint();
 }
 
 fn is_workbook(name: &str) -> bool {
@@ -237,40 +141,3 @@ fn is_workbook(name: &str) -> bool {
 fn file_name(path: &str) -> String {
     std::path::Path::new(path).file_name().map(|n| n.to_string_lossy().to_string()).unwrap_or_else(|| path.to_string())
 }
-
-/// A message object or `CustomEvent` detail with the given fields, or `None` if one couldn't be
-/// set.
-fn message(fields: &[(&str, JsValue)]) -> Option<js_sys::Object> {
-    let m = js_sys::Object::new();
-    for (key, value) in fields {
-        js_sys::Reflect::set(&m, &JsValue::from_str(key), value).ok()?;
-    }
-    Some(m)
-}
-
-fn string(data: &JsValue, key: &str) -> Option<String> {
-    js_sys::Reflect::get(data, &JsValue::from_str(key)).ok()?.as_string()
-}
-
-/// `bytes` as an `ArrayBuffer` or `Uint8Array`.
-fn bytes(data: &JsValue) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
-    let bytes = js_sys::Reflect::get(data, &JsValue::from_str("bytes")).ok()?;
-    let view = if let Some(array) = bytes.dyn_ref::<js_sys::Uint8Array>() {
-        array.clone()
-    } else if bytes.is_instance_of::<js_sys::ArrayBuffer>() {
-        js_sys::Uint8Array::new(&bytes)
-    } else {
-        return None;
-    };
-    // A file from the host is untrusted input: refuse an oversized one before copying it into the app's memory.
-    if u64::from(view.length()) > MAX_OPEN_BYTES {
-        log::warn!("host file is {} bytes, over the {} MiB host open limit; not opened", view.length(), MAX_OPEN_BYTES >> 20);
-        return None;
-    }
-    Some(view.to_vec())
-}
-
-/// A `JsValue` error as a string, after `what` went wrong.
-fn js_error(e: &JsValue, what: &str) -> String {
-    format!("{what}: {}", e.as_string().unwrap_or_else(|| format!("{e:?}")))
-}
diff --git a/apps/gridcraft-web/src/hostmode.rs b/apps/gridcraft-web/src/hostmode.rs
index aaf4c12aa..3ac4bd723 100644
--- a/apps/gridcraft-web/src/hostmode.rs
+++ b/apps/gridcraft-web/src/hostmode.rs
@@ -1,23 +1,18 @@
 //! Pure host-mode rules, shared by the bridge ([`crate::host`]) and testable without a browser
-//! (like [`crate::prefs`]): what opts a page into hosting GridCraft in its own document, and the
-//! name the bridge fills in when a host's open request has none.
-
-/// The one `data-host` value that opts a page in: the exact string `"page"`.
-pub const PAGE_HOST: &str = "page";
+//! (like [`crate::prefs`]): the name the bridge fills in when a host's open request has none.
+//! Which pages host the app is `craft-web-host`'s.
 
 /// The file name used when an open request carries no usable one.
 pub const DEFAULT_OPEN_NAME: &str = "Book.xlsx";
 
-/// Does this `data-host` value ask for page host mode? Only the exact value [`PAGE_HOST`] counts;
-/// anything else is ignored, so the page host mode stays opt-in.
-pub fn page_host_requested(data_host: Option<&str>) -> bool {
-    data_host == Some(PAGE_HOST)
-}
+/// The name `craft-web-host` gives an open request that carries no usable one (it cleans a host's
+/// name and falls back to this).
+const NAMELESS: &str = "document";
 
-/// A usable file name for an open request: the host's name when it isn't blank, else the
-/// [`DEFAULT_OPEN_NAME`].
-pub fn open_name(name: Option<&str>) -> String {
-    name.filter(|n| !n.trim().is_empty()).unwrap_or(DEFAULT_OPEN_NAME).to_string()
+/// A usable file name for an open request: the cleaned name the crate hands over, or
+/// [`DEFAULT_OPEN_NAME`] when the host sent none.
+pub fn open_name(name: &str) -> String {
+    if name == NAMELESS { DEFAULT_OPEN_NAME.to_string() } else { name.to_string() }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -25,21 +20,9 @@ mod tests {
     use super::*;
 
     #[test]
-    fn only_the_exact_page_value_opts_in() {
-        assert!(page_host_requested(Some("page")));
-        assert!(!page_host_requested(Some("Page")));
-        assert!(!page_host_requested(Some(" page")));
-        assert!(!page_host_requested(Some("parent")));
-        assert!(!page_host_requested(Some("")));
-        assert!(!page_host_requested(None));
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn open_names_fall_back_to_the_default_when_blank() {
-        assert_eq!(open_name(Some("Budget.xlsx")), "Budget.xlsx");
-        assert_eq!(open_name(Some(" Sheet2!Book.xlsx ")), " Sheet2!Book.xlsx ");
-        assert_eq!(open_name(Some("")), DEFAULT_OPEN_NAME);
-        assert_eq!(open_name(Some("   ")), DEFAULT_OPEN_NAME);
-        assert_eq!(open_name(None), DEFAULT_OPEN_NAME);
+    fn open_names_fall_back_to_the_default_when_the_host_sent_none() {
+        assert_eq!(open_name("Budget.xlsx"), "Budget.xlsx");
+        assert_eq!(open_name("Sheet2!Book.xlsx"), "Sheet2!Book.xlsx");
+        assert_eq!(open_name("document"), DEFAULT_OPEN_NAME, "what the crate says for a missing or blank name");
     }
 }
diff --git a/apps/gridcraft-web/src/web.rs b/apps/gridcraft-web/src/web.rs
index 868b7e641..268560520 100644
--- a/apps/gridcraft-web/src/web.rs
+++ b/apps/gridcraft-web/src/web.rs
@@ -37,18 +37,12 @@ pub fn start() {
         {
             create.instance_descriptor.backends = eframe::wgpu::Backends::GL;
         }
-        // `?host=parent`: a same-origin page framing GridCraft (such as a Nextcloud app) opens
-        // workbooks in it and stores what it saves (`host`). Unframed there is no parent, so that
-        // URL on its own stays the normal app with downloads. `data-host="page"` on the canvas
-        // opts a page in instead: it runs GridCraft in its own document and talks over DOM
-        // `CustomEvent`s on the canvas (`host`).
-        let bridge = if query_param("host").as_deref() == Some("parent") {
-            crate::host::Bridge::new()
-        } else if crate::hostmode::page_host_requested(canvas.get_attribute("data-host").as_deref()) {
-            Some(crate::host::Bridge::for_page(&canvas))
-        } else {
-            None
-        };
+        // Host modes (`craft-web-host`): `?host=parent`, a same-origin page framing GridCraft (such
+        // as a Nextcloud app), opens workbooks in it and stores what it saves (`host`). Unframed
+        // there is no parent, so that URL on its own stays the normal app with downloads.
+        // `data-host="page"` on the canvas opts a page in instead: it runs GridCraft in its own
+        // document and talks over DOM `CustomEvent`s on the canvas.
+        let bridge = crate::host::Bridge::detect(&canvas);
         let app_bridge = bridge.clone();
         let result = eframe::WebRunner::new()
             .start(
diff --git a/packaging/web/README.md b/packaging/web/README.md
index d4e85a765..1f346cde0 100644
--- a/packaging/web/README.md
+++ b/packaging/web/README.md
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ downloading them. The two sides talk `postMessage` with plain window messages th
 
 | Message | Direction | Fields |
 |---|---|---|
-| `gridcraft:ready` | app → page | `version`: the app is listening; send a file now |
+| `gridcraft:ready` | app → page | `version`, `appVersion`: the app is listening; send a file now |
 | `gridcraft:open` | page → app | `name`, `bytes` (an `ArrayBuffer` or `Uint8Array`): open like File › Open |
 | `gridcraft:save` | app → page | `name`, `bytes` (a transferred `ArrayBuffer`): every file the app would otherwise download (Save, Save As, Export as PDF). The page stores it and reports failures itself. |
 | `gridcraft:dirty` | app → page | `dirty`: unsaved changes appeared or went away |
@@ -149,6 +149,8 @@ As with the parent bridge, the app starts with an empty workbook instead of a sa
 must be exactly `page`; anything else is ignored, and the app runs as a standalone page with
 downloads.
 
+The messages and both transports are the shared contract of [`craft-web-host`](https://github.com/storytold/craft-libs/tree/main/crates/web-host) (storytold/craft-libs#420), the same for every Craft app: its README lists every message, including `saved`, with the compatibility notes. In `gridcraft:ready`, `version` is the contract's (`"1"`) and `appVersion` is this app's release. GridCraft reads bytes, so a host sends `bytes`, not a `File`.
+
 ### Trust and limits
 
 - **Who is trusted.** In page host mode the page and GridCraft share one document, so any script on the page can drive the app: open files in it and receive what it saves. Use this mode only for a page you control. The iframe mode (`?host=parent`) answers only the parent window, on the page's own origin.