diff --git a/apps/effectcraft-cli/tests/it/cli.rs b/apps/effectcraft-cli/tests/it/cli.rs
index 12a9bf4a3..c9d601ee9 100644
--- a/apps/effectcraft-cli/tests/it/cli.rs
+++ b/apps/effectcraft-cli/tests/it/cli.rs
@@ -448,6 +448,38 @@ fn render_frame_never_writes_over_footage_or_the_project() {
     let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&root);
 }
 
+/// Two queue items on one file are refused by the render before anything is written, with the
+/// file as it was.
+#[test]
+fn render_refuses_two_items_on_one_file() {
+    let root = tmp("render-clash");
+    let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&root);
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&root).unwrap();
+    let out = root.join("clash.mp4");
+    std::fs::write(&out, b"EARLIER").unwrap();
+    let project = root.join("p.ecproj");
+    let p = project.to_str().unwrap();
+    let add = json!({"output": out.to_str().unwrap()}).to_string();
+    ok_json(&[
+        "run",
+        "comp.new",
+        r#"{"name":"T","width":64,"height":36,"duration":1}"#,
+        "renderQueue.add",
+        &add,
+        "renderQueue.add",
+        &add,
+        "--empty",
+        "--save-as",
+        p,
+    ]);
+    let (code, v) = run_json(&["render", "--queue", "--project", p]);
+    assert_eq!(code, 1, "{v}");
+    let error = v["error"].as_str().unwrap();
+    assert!(error.contains("#1") && error.contains("#2") && error.contains("clash.mp4"), "{v}");
+    assert_eq!(std::fs::read(&out).unwrap(), b"EARLIER");
+    let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&root);
+}
+
 /// A real stdio client: each edit's reply is read before disconnecting or killing the server.
 struct McpChild {
     child: std::process::Child,
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/cmd/edit.rs b/crates/engine/src/cmd/edit.rs
index b33f4cc5c..8a5068e8f 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/cmd/edit.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/cmd/edit.rs
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ fn has_clip(s: &Session) -> std::result::Result<(), String> {
         && s.state.key_clipboard.is_empty()
         && s.state.effect_clipboard.is_empty()
         && s.state.contents_clipboard.is_empty()
+        && s.state.mask_clipboard.is_empty()
         && s.state.link_clipboard.is_none()
         && s.state.value_clipboard.is_empty()
     {
@@ -285,6 +286,7 @@ fn clear_clipboards(s: &mut Session) {
     s.state.key_clipboard.clear();
     s.state.effect_clipboard.clear();
     s.state.contents_clipboard.clear();
+    s.state.mask_clipboard.clear();
     s.state.link_clipboard = None;
     s.state.value_clipboard.clear();
     s.state.keyframe_text = None;
@@ -311,6 +313,16 @@ fn copy(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     if p.get("layers").is_none() && !super::effect::selected_effects(s).is_empty() {
         return s.execute("effect.copy", json!({}));
     }
+    // Masks selected → copy them (not their layer), for Paste onto other layers (#2091), unless
+    // a layer is named explicitly.
+    if p.get("layers").is_none() && p.get("layer").is_none_or(Value::is_null) {
+        let masks = super::prop_groups::copy_masks(s);
+        if !masks.is_empty() {
+            clear_clipboards(s);
+            s.state.mask_clipboard = masks;
+            return Ok(json!({"masks": s.state.mask_clipboard.len()}));
+        }
+    }
     // Shape items selected in a shape layer's Contents → copy them (not their layer).
     if p.get("layers").is_none() {
         let items = super::prop_groups::copy_contents(s);
@@ -597,6 +609,9 @@ fn paste(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     if !s.state.contents_clipboard.is_empty() {
         return super::prop_groups::paste_contents(s, p);
     }
+    if !s.state.mask_clipboard.is_empty() {
+        return super::prop_groups::paste_masks(s, p);
+    }
     let cid = super::comp_id(s, p)?;
     let clip = s.state.clipboard.clone();
     let new = s.edit("Paste", None, |proj, st| {
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/cmd/effect.rs b/crates/engine/src/cmd/effect.rs
index 7b64015cd..f41ba3f9c 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/cmd/effect.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/cmd/effect.rs
@@ -851,6 +851,7 @@ fn copy(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     s.state.key_clipboard.clear();
     s.state.keyframe_text = None;
     s.state.contents_clipboard.clear();
+    s.state.mask_clipboard.clear();
     s.state.link_clipboard = None;
     s.state.clip_is_keys = false;
     let n = groups.len();
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/cmd/prop.rs b/crates/engine/src/cmd/prop.rs
index 50c261020..b4432dd2f 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/cmd/prop.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/cmd/prop.rs
@@ -794,6 +794,8 @@ fn select_prop(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
     if !add {
         s.state.selected_props.clear();
         s.state.selected_vertices.clear();
+        // Groups (masks, effects) have no keys of their own: don't leave the old selection's behind.
+        s.state.selected_keys.clear();
     }
     if !s.state.selected_layers.contains(&lid) {
         s.state.selected_layers = vec![lid];
@@ -811,9 +813,6 @@ fn select_prop(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
         && let Some(pr) = s.active_comp().and_then(|c| c.layer(lid)).and_then(|l| l.props.find(uid))
     {
         let keys: Vec<KeyRef> = pr.keys.iter().map(|k| KeyRef { layer: lid, prop: uid, time: k.time }).collect();
-        if !add {
-            s.state.selected_keys.clear();
-        }
         s.state.selected_keys.extend(keys);
     }
     Ok(Value::Null)
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/cmd/prop_groups.rs b/crates/engine/src/cmd/prop_groups.rs
index 6f7d74aef..b3e9baf14 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/cmd/prop_groups.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/cmd/prop_groups.rs
@@ -135,6 +135,61 @@ pub(crate) fn copy_contents(s: &Session) -> Vec<PropGroup> {
     selected_contents(s).into_iter().filter_map(|(lid, uid)| c.layer(lid)?.props.find_group(uid).cloned()).collect()
 }
 
+/// Masks selected on the active comp's layers, top to bottom (#2091).
+pub(crate) fn selected_masks(s: &Session) -> Vec<(LayerId, Uid)> {
+    let Some(c) = s.active_comp().filter(|_| !s.state.selected_props.is_empty()) else { return vec![] };
+    c.layers
+        .iter()
+        .flat_map(|l| {
+            let masks = l.masks().into_iter().flat_map(|m| m.groups());
+            masks.filter(|m| s.state.selected_props.contains(&(l.id, m.uid))).map(|m| (l.id, m.uid))
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+/// Copies of the selected masks (Edit ▸ Copy), top to bottom.
+pub(crate) fn copy_masks(s: &Session) -> Vec<PropGroup> {
+    let Some(c) = s.active_comp() else { return vec![] };
+    selected_masks(s).into_iter().filter_map(|(lid, uid)| c.layer(lid)?.props.find_group(uid).cloned()).collect()
+}
+
+/// Edit ▸ Paste with masks on the clipboard: each is added, with a unique name, below the masks of
+/// every selected unlocked layer that can have masks, and the copies are selected (#2091).
+pub(crate) fn paste_masks(s: &mut Session, p: &Value) -> Result<Value> {
+    let c = "edit.paste";
+    let clip = s.state.mask_clipboard.clone();
+    let (cid, ids) = layers_p(s, p)?;
+    let comp = s.project.comp(cid).ok_or(EngineError::NoComp)?;
+    let targets: Vec<LayerId> = ids.into_iter().filter(|l| comp.layer(*l).is_some_and(|l| l.masks().is_some() && !l.switches.locked)).collect();
+    if targets.is_empty() {
+        return Err(bad(c, "select an unlocked layer that can have masks to paste masks into"));
+    }
+    let label = match clip.as_slice() {
+        [g] => format!("Paste {}", g.name),
+        _ => "Paste".to_string(),
+    };
+    let pasted = s.edit(&label, None, |proj, st| {
+        let mut next = proj.next_id;
+        let mut out = vec![];
+        for lid in &targets {
+            let masks = layer_mut(proj, cid, *lid)?.props.sub_mut("masks").ok_or_else(|| bad(c, "the layer can't have masks"))?;
+            for g in &clip {
+                let mut g = g.clone();
+                g.reassign_uids(&mut next);
+                g.name = super::effect::unique_name(masks, &g.name);
+                out.push((*lid, g.uid));
+                masks.children.push(g.into());
+            }
+        }
+        proj.next_id = next + 1;
+        st.selected_props = out.clone();
+        // The source mask's points (selected with it) must not outlive its selection.
+        st.selected_vertices.clear();
+        Ok(out)
+    })?;
+    Ok(json!({"masks": pasted.iter().map(|(_, u)| *u).collect::<Vec<_>>()}))
+}
+
 /// Edit ▸ Cut's removal of the selected shape items (once copied).
 pub(crate) fn cut_contents(s: &mut Session, items: &[(LayerId, Uid)]) -> Result<Value> {
     let cid = s.active_comp_id().ok_or(EngineError::NoComp)?;
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/doc_state.rs b/crates/engine/src/doc_state.rs
index c11f575b0..7b4889dba 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/doc_state.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/doc_state.rs
@@ -98,6 +98,9 @@ pub struct EditorState {
     /// a shape layer's Contents); Paste adds them to the selected shape layers.
     #[serde(skip)]
     pub contents_clipboard: Vec<effectcraft_project::PropGroup>,
+    /// Copied masks (Edit ▸ Copy with masks selected); Paste adds them to the selected layers.
+    #[serde(skip)]
+    pub mask_clipboard: Vec<effectcraft_project::PropGroup>,
     /// Selected mask vertices (viewer Selection tool / pen).
     #[serde(default)]
     pub selected_vertices: Vec<VertexRef>,
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/output_guard.rs b/crates/engine/src/output_guard.rs
index ca667cd99..46c4356ed 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/output_guard.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/output_guard.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,16 @@
 //! Collect Files, Export Timeline…) never replace one of those files either, with no flag:
 //! they write through [`Session::write_output`], the one place that checks. Save and Save As
 //! write the project's own file and do not.
+//!
+//! Nor does a render write one file twice. When two outputs of one job name the same file (two
+//! items with one Output To, a duplicated item, output modules or segments that meet), the one
+//! rendered later replaces what the earlier one just wrote, and nothing is on disk to say so when
+//! the job starts. [`Session::duplicate_outputs`] lists them and the whole render is refused before
+//! anything is written: no answer makes a render replacing its own output right. A numbered sequence is compared by the frames
+//! it writes: two items of one pattern clash only where their frames do, and an item that skips
+//! existing frames leaves the earlier one's alone. A new item's default output name steps aside
+//! the same way it does for footage ([`Session::avoid_sources`]).
+//!
 
 use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
 #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
@@ -17,7 +27,7 @@ use std::path::Component;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
-use effectcraft_project::render_queue::{RenderQueueItem, log_path, numbered_template, sequence_frame, sequence_path};
+use effectcraft_project::render_queue::{RenderQueueItem, log_path, numbered_template, sequence_frame, sequence_parts, sequence_path};
 use effectcraft_project::{Footage, ItemKind};
 use serde_json::{Value, json};
 
@@ -43,6 +53,10 @@ pub(crate) enum Use {
     Export,
 }
 
+/// Stands for the frame number in the name a numbered sequence is compared by: a character no
+/// file is named with.
+const FRAME: char = '\u{e000}';
+
 /// What reads a file the project depends on.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub(crate) enum Source {
@@ -181,6 +195,24 @@ fn identity_hash(handle: &same_file::Handle) -> u64 {
     hash.finish()
 }
 
+/// What an existing regular file is known by on its volume (links and hard links to one file give one),
+/// `None` when it does not exist, is not a regular file, or the volume has no such identity.
+fn identity(path: &Path) -> Option<String> {
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    {
+        // Opening a FIFO can wait for a writer: only regular files are looked at.
+        if !std::fs::metadata(path).ok()?.is_file() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        same_file::Handle::from_path(path).ok().map(|handle| identity_hash(&handle).to_string())
+    }
+    #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
+    {
+        let _ = path;
+        None
+    }
+}
+
 /// `path` made absolute, with `.` and `..` resolved by name alone (no file is looked at).
 #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 fn lexical(path: &Path) -> PathBuf {
@@ -209,9 +241,14 @@ fn key(path: &Path) -> String {
     fold(&parts.join("/"))
 }
 
-/// Browser file-table keys distinguish case and literal dot segments, but not a leading slash.
 #[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
 fn key(path: &Path) -> String {
+    browser_key(path)
+}
+
+/// Match the browser file table: one optional leading slash, with literal case and dot segments.
+#[cfg(any(target_arch = "wasm32", test))]
+fn browser_key(path: &Path) -> String {
     let path = path.to_string_lossy();
     if path.starts_with('/') { path.into_owned() } else { format!("/{path}") }
 }
@@ -270,6 +307,142 @@ fn frames_on_disk(path: &str, first: i64, count: u64) -> Result<Vec<PathBuf>, St
         .collect())
 }
 
+/// What an output writes, as far as a clash with another output goes.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+enum Target {
+    /// One file: known by its name and, when it exists, by what it is on its volume.
+    File { key: String, identity: Option<String> },
+    /// The numbered files `first..end` of a sequence: `key` is its pattern, with the width the
+    /// frame numbers are padded to.
+    Frames { key: String, width: usize, first: i64, end: i64 },
+}
+
+impl Target {
+    /// The file at `path`. `by_identity` also looks up what it is on its volume (a link to it
+    /// is it); that asks the file system, so it is left out where only names matter.
+    fn file(path: &Path, by_identity: bool) -> Target {
+        let identity = if by_identity { identity(path) } else { None };
+        Target::File { key: key(path), identity }
+    }
+
+    /// The `count` files of the sequence `path` (its frame-number pattern) from frame `first`.
+    fn frames(path: &str, first: i64, count: u64) -> Target {
+        let (before, width, after) = sequence_parts(path);
+        let key = key(Path::new(&format!("{before}{FRAME}{after}")));
+        Target::Frames { key, width, first, end: first.saturating_add(i64::try_from(count).unwrap_or(i64::MAX)) }
+    }
+}
+
+/// One output of a job.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+struct Write {
+    /// The queue item (`0`: one that is not in the queue yet).
+    item: u64,
+    /// The output path (a sequence's has its frame-number pattern).
+    path: String,
+    target: Target,
+    /// Skip Existing Files: a frame that is there already is left alone.
+    skips: bool,
+}
+
+/// What an output rendered later writes over.
+struct Clash<'a> {
+    /// The earlier output that writes it.
+    earlier: &'a Write,
+    /// How many files, and the first of them (its frame number, for a sequence).
+    files: u64,
+    first: i64,
+}
+
+/// The outputs of a job in the order they render, to find the one that writes what an earlier
+/// one does.
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Writes {
+    all: Vec<Write>,
+    path_bytes: usize,
+    /// The first output to write a file, by name.
+    files: HashMap<String, usize>,
+    /// ... and by what the file is on its volume.
+    identities: HashMap<String, usize>,
+}
+
+/// The common range whose formatted numbers agree. Once the number (including a minus sign)
+/// fills the larger padding width, different widths produce the same file name.
+fn common_frames(first: i64, end: i64, from: i64, to: i64, width: usize, other_width: usize) -> Option<(u64, i64)> {
+    let (start, end) = (first.max(from), end.min(to));
+    let count = |a: i64, b: i64| u64::try_from(b.saturating_sub(a)).unwrap_or(0);
+    if width == other_width {
+        return (end > start).then(|| (count(start, end), start));
+    }
+    let width = width.max(other_width);
+    let power = |digits: usize| u32::try_from(digits).ok().and_then(|digits| 10i64.checked_pow(digits));
+    let negative = power(width.saturating_sub(2)).map(|n| end.min((-n).saturating_add(1))).filter(|to| *to > start);
+    let positive = power(width.saturating_sub(1)).map(|n| start.max(n)).filter(|from| *from < end);
+    let files = negative.map_or(0, |to| count(start, to)).saturating_add(positive.map_or(0, |from| count(from, end)));
+    (files > 0).then(|| (files, if negative.is_some() { start } else { positive.unwrap_or(start) }))
+}
+
+impl Writes {
+    fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.all.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    /// The earliest output `later`, rendered after all of these, writes over.
+    fn clash(&self, later: &Write) -> Option<Clash<'_>> {
+        match &later.target {
+            Target::File { key, identity } => {
+                if let Some(at) = self.files.get(key).or_else(|| identity.as_ref().and_then(|id| self.identities.get(id))) {
+                    return Some(Clash { earlier: self.all.get(*at)?, files: 1, first: 0 });
+                }
+                self.all.iter().find_map(|earlier| {
+                    let Target::Frames { first, end, .. } = earlier.target else { return None };
+                    let frame = sequence_frame(&crate::output_guard::key(Path::new(&earlier.path)), key)?;
+                    (first..end).contains(&frame).then_some(Clash { earlier, files: 1, first: frame })
+                })
+            }
+            // A frame that is there already is left alone, so a later output that skips existing
+            // frames replaces none of an earlier one's.
+            Target::Frames { .. } if later.skips => None,
+            Target::Frames { key, width, first, end } => self.all.iter().find_map(|earlier| {
+                let (files, start) = match &earlier.target {
+                    Target::Frames { key: other, width: other_width, first: from, end: to } if key == other => {
+                        common_frames(*first, *end, *from, *to, *width, *other_width)?
+                    }
+                    Target::File { key, .. } => {
+                        let frame = sequence_frame(&crate::output_guard::key(Path::new(&later.path)), key)?;
+                        if !(*first..*end).contains(&frame) {
+                            return None;
+                        }
+                        (1, frame)
+                    }
+                    _ => return None,
+                };
+                Some(Clash { earlier, files, first: start })
+            }),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn push(&mut self, write: Write) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let path_bytes = self.path_bytes.saturating_add(write.path.len());
+        if self.all.len() >= 65_536 || path_bytes > 16 * 1024 * 1024 {
+            return Err("render output plan exceeds 65536 paths or 16 MiB of path names; split the queue".into());
+        }
+        self.path_bytes = path_bytes;
+        let at = self.all.len();
+        match &write.target {
+            Target::File { key, identity } => {
+                self.files.entry(key.clone()).or_insert(at);
+                if let Some(identity) = identity {
+                    self.identities.entry(identity.clone()).or_insert(at);
+                }
+            }
+            Target::Frames { .. } => {}
+        }
+        self.all.push(write);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
 /// A queue item refused before any of its output modules are dispatched.
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub(crate) struct Refused {
@@ -277,6 +450,50 @@ pub(crate) struct Refused {
     pub reason: String,
 }
 
+/// An output that would write a file an earlier output of the same job writes.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub(crate) struct DuplicateOutput {
+    /// The queue item that would write over it (the later one), its place in the queue (1-based)
+    /// and its composition.
+    pub item: u64,
+    pub index: usize,
+    pub comp: String,
+    /// The file: a sequence's pattern, or the frame when it is one.
+    pub path: String,
+    /// How many files the two outputs have in common.
+    pub files: u64,
+    pub sequence: bool,
+    /// The queue item whose output is written first, and its place and composition.
+    pub with: u64,
+    pub with_index: usize,
+    pub with_comp: String,
+}
+
+impl DuplicateOutput {
+    /// Why the render is refused, naming the two items.
+    pub(crate) fn reason(&self) -> String {
+        let label = |index: usize, comp: &str| format!("#{index} “{comp}”");
+        let what = if self.sequence && self.files != 1 { format!("{} frames of {}", self.files, self.path) } else { self.path.clone() };
+        let rule = "and a render never writes one file twice; choose another Output To for one of them";
+        if self.item == self.with {
+            format!("{} would write {what} twice (two of its output modules), {rule}", label(self.index, &self.comp))
+        } else {
+            format!("{} and {} would both write {what}, {rule}", label(self.with_index, &self.with_comp), label(self.index, &self.comp))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Why a render is refused when outputs of the job write one file twice: it would replace its own output.
+pub(crate) fn duplicate_refusal(duplicates: &[DuplicateOutput]) -> Option<String> {
+    let first = duplicates.first()?;
+    let more = match duplicates.len().saturating_sub(1) {
+        0 => String::new(),
+        1 => "; 1 more output would write a file twice too".into(),
+        n => format!("; {n} more outputs would write a file twice too"),
+    };
+    Some(format!("{}. Nothing was rendered{more}", first.reason()))
+}
+
 impl Session {
     /// The files the project reads.
     pub(crate) fn protected_files(&self) -> Protected {
@@ -335,8 +552,11 @@ impl Session {
             if seen.contains(&item.id) {
                 continue;
             }
-            let reason = match self.check_output(&protected, item, path) {
-                Ok(reason) => reason,
+            let reason = match self.write_paths(item, path) {
+                Ok(paths) => paths.iter().find_map(|path| match self.check_output(&protected, item, path) {
+                    Ok(reason) => reason,
+                    Err(reason) => Some(reason),
+                }),
                 Err(reason) => Some(reason),
             };
             if let Some(reason) = reason {
@@ -347,6 +567,86 @@ impl Session {
         refused
     }
 
+    /// What the job writes more than once. An item in `refused` writes nothing, so it takes no part.
+    pub(crate) fn duplicate_outputs(&self, items: &[Vec<(RenderQueueItem, String)>], refused: &[Refused]) -> Result<Vec<DuplicateOutput>, String> {
+        let skip: HashSet<u64> = refused.iter().map(|r| r.item).collect();
+        let mut writes = Writes::default();
+        let mut duplicates = Vec::new();
+        for (m, path) in items.iter().flatten().filter(|(m, _)| !skip.contains(&m.id)) {
+            let paths = self.write_paths(m, path)?;
+            // Alternative destinations of one output cannot collide with themselves.
+            for path in &paths {
+                let write = self.write_of(m, path, true);
+                if let Some(clash) = writes.clash(&write) {
+                    duplicates.push(self.duplicate_of(&write, &clash));
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            for path in paths {
+                writes.push(self.write_of(m, &path, true))?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(duplicates)
+    }
+
+    /// Every possible destination, since quota decisions can change during rendering.
+    fn write_paths<'a>(&self, item: &RenderQueueItem, path: &'a str) -> Result<Vec<std::borrow::Cow<'a, str>>, String> {
+        let overflow = &self.project.render_prefs.overflow_folders;
+        const PATH_BYTES: usize = 1024 * 1024;
+        if path.len() > PATH_BYTES {
+            return Err("render output destinations exceed 1 MiB of path names".into());
+        }
+        let mut paths = vec![std::borrow::Cow::Borrowed(path)];
+        let mut bytes = path.len();
+        if item.settings.storage_overflow && self.storage_quota.is_some() {
+            if overflow.len() > 256 {
+                return Err("render output planning supports at most 256 storage overflow folders".into());
+            }
+            if let Some(name) = Path::new(path).file_name() {
+                for folder in overflow {
+                    if bytes.saturating_add(folder.len()).saturating_add(name.len()).saturating_add(1) > PATH_BYTES {
+                        return Err("render output destinations exceed 1 MiB of path names".into());
+                    }
+                    let destination = Path::new(folder).join(name).to_string_lossy().into_owned();
+                    bytes = bytes.saturating_add(destination.len());
+                    if bytes > PATH_BYTES {
+                        return Err("render output destinations exceed 1 MiB of path names".into());
+                    }
+                    paths.push(std::borrow::Cow::Owned(destination));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(paths)
+    }
+
+    /// What `path`, an output of `m`, writes. `by_identity`: see [`Target::file`].
+    fn write_of(&self, m: &RenderQueueItem, path: &str, by_identity: bool) -> Write {
+        let target = if m.output.format.is_sequence() {
+            let (first, count) = self.project.comp(m.comp).map_or((0, 0), |c| (m.settings.first_frame(c), m.settings.frame_count(c)));
+            Target::frames(path, first, count)
+        } else {
+            Target::file(Path::new(path), by_identity)
+        };
+        let skips = m.settings.skip_existing && self.exporter.as_ref().is_some_and(|exporter| exporter.supports_skip_existing(&m.settings));
+        Write { item: m.id, path: path.to_string(), target, skips }
+    }
+
+    /// The report of `later` writing over `clash`.
+    fn duplicate_of(&self, later: &Write, clash: &Clash) -> DuplicateOutput {
+        // Where a queue item stands, and what it renders.
+        let place = |id: u64| {
+            let index = self.project.render_queue.iter().position(|i| i.id == id);
+            let comp = index.and_then(|k| self.project.render_queue.get(k)).and_then(|i| self.project.item(i.comp)).map(|i| i.name.clone());
+            (index.map_or(0, |k| k + 1), comp.unwrap_or_default())
+        };
+        let sequence = matches!(later.target, Target::Frames { .. });
+        // One shared frame is named by its file, more by the pattern.
+        let path = if sequence && clash.files == 1 { sequence_path(&later.path, clash.first) } else { later.path.clone() };
+        let (index, comp) = place(later.item);
+        let (with_index, with_comp) = place(clash.earlier.item);
+        DuplicateOutput { item: later.item, index, comp, path, files: clash.files, sequence, with: clash.earlier.item, with_index, with_comp }
+    }
+
     fn check_output(&self, protected: &Protected, item: &RenderQueueItem, path: &str) -> Result<Option<String>, String> {
         if protected.is_empty() {
             return Ok(None);
@@ -371,49 +671,260 @@ impl Session {
             .find_map(|path| protected.find(path).map(|source| source.refusal(&path.to_string_lossy(), Use::Render))))
     }
 
-    /// A new item's default output must not be a file the project reads: `[compName]_1`,
-    /// `[compName]_2`… take its place (and avoid the queue's other outputs), as After Effects
-    /// numbers a second item of the same composition. An output nothing is in the way of keeps
-    /// the composition's own name, and one the caller chose is not touched: rendering it is
-    /// refused instead.
+    /// A new item's default output must not be a file the project reads, nor one another item of
+    /// the queue writes (any of its output modules, whether or not it is ticked): `[compName]_1`,
+    /// `[compName]_2`… take its place, as After Effects numbers a second item of the same
+    /// composition. An output nothing is in the way of keeps the composition's own name; the name
+    /// is stored in the item, so it stays as it is when the item it avoided goes away. One the
+    /// caller chose is not touched: rendering it is refused instead ([`Session::duplicate_outputs`]).
     pub(crate) fn avoid_sources(&self, item: &mut RenderQueueItem) {
-        if cfg!(target_arch = "wasm32") {
-            return;
-        }
-        let protected = self.protected_files();
-        if protected.is_empty() {
+        // Native source protection stays with its filesystem guard; virtual web outputs still
+        // need distinct queue names because the browser stores completed files by path.
+        let protected = if cfg!(target_arch = "wasm32") { Protected::default() } else { self.protected_files() };
+        let Ok(queue) = self.queue_writes() else { return };
+        if protected.is_empty() && queue.is_empty() {
             return;
         }
         let template = item.output.output.clone();
-        let mut taken: Option<HashSet<String>> = None;
-        'candidate: for n in 0..=MAX_NUMBER {
+        for n in 0..=MAX_NUMBER {
             item.output.output = if n == 0 { template.clone() } else { numbered_template(&template, n) };
             let Ok(outputs) = self.outputs_of(item, None) else { break };
+            let mut in_the_way = false;
             for (module, path) in &outputs {
-                match self.check_output(&protected, module, path) {
-                    Ok(Some(_)) => continue 'candidate,
-                    Err(_) => break 'candidate,
-                    Ok(None) => {}
+                let Ok(paths) = self.write_paths(module, path) else {
+                    item.output.output = template;
+                    return;
+                };
+                for destination in &paths {
+                    match self.check_output(&protected, module, destination) {
+                        Ok(Some(_)) => in_the_way = true,
+                        Err(_) => {
+                            item.output.output = template;
+                            return;
+                        }
+                        Ok(None) => {}
+                    }
                 }
+                in_the_way |= paths.iter().any(|path| queue.clash(&self.write_of(module, path, false)).is_some());
             }
-            // Only a name that had to move is kept clear of the other items.
-            let others = if n == 0 { None } else { Some(taken.get_or_insert_with(|| self.queue_output_keys())) };
-            if others.is_none_or(|others| !outputs.iter().any(|(_, path)| others.contains(&key(Path::new(path))))) {
+            if !in_the_way {
                 return;
             }
         }
         item.output.output = template;
     }
 
-    /// [`key`] of every output of the queue's items.
-    fn queue_output_keys(&self) -> HashSet<String> {
-        self.project.render_queue.iter().filter_map(|it| self.outputs_of(it, None).ok()).flatten().map(|(_, path)| key(Path::new(&path))).collect()
+    /// What the items of the queue write (by name: a new item is not compared with what is on
+    /// disk).
+    fn queue_writes(&self) -> Result<Writes, String> {
+        let mut writes = Writes::default();
+        for outputs in self.project.render_queue.iter().filter_map(|it| self.outputs_of(it, None).ok()) {
+            for (m, path) in &outputs {
+                for path in self.write_paths(m, path)? {
+                    writes.push(self.write_of(m, &path, false))?;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(writes)
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
+    use serde_json::json;
+
+    /// Portable path checks protect virtual outputs too; they do not need native file identity.
+    #[test]
+    fn duplicate_queue_paths_are_reported_without_native_files() {
+        let mut s = Session::default();
+        s.execute("comp.new", json!({"name": "Main", "width": 16, "height": 16})).unwrap();
+        for _ in 0..2 {
+            s.execute("renderQueue.add", json!({"format": "h264", "output": "/virtual/shared.mp4"})).unwrap();
+        }
+        let (outputs, _) = s.queued_outputs(&effectcraft_project::render_queue::OutputFormat::ALL);
+        let duplicates = s.duplicate_outputs(&outputs, &[]).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(duplicates.len(), 1);
+        assert!(duplicates[0].path.ends_with("shared.mp4"));
+        let refused = [Refused { item: duplicates[0].item, reason: "already refused".into() }];
+        assert!(s.duplicate_outputs(&outputs, &refused).unwrap().is_empty());
+    }
+
+    /// An output of queue item `item` that is a file, known by its name alone.
+    fn movie(item: u64, path: &str) -> Write {
+        Write { item, path: path.into(), target: Target::file(Path::new(path), false), skips: false }
+    }
+
+    /// An output of queue item `item` that is `count` frames of a sequence from frame `first`.
+    fn frames(item: u64, pattern: &str, first: i64, count: u64) -> Write {
+        Write { item, path: pattern.into(), target: Target::frames(pattern, first, count), skips: false }
+    }
+
+    fn job_of(writes: impl IntoIterator<Item = Write>) -> Writes {
+        let mut job = Writes::default();
+        for write in writes {
+            job.push(write).unwrap();
+        }
+        job
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn browser_output_names_match_the_virtual_file_table() {
+        assert_eq!(browser_key(Path::new("renders/a.png")), browser_key(Path::new("/renders/a.png")));
+        assert_ne!(browser_key(Path::new("renders/A.png")), browser_key(Path::new("renders/a.png")));
+        assert_ne!(browser_key(Path::new("renders/../a.png")), browser_key(Path::new("a.png")));
+        assert_ne!(browser_key(Path::new("//a.png")), browser_key(Path::new("/a.png")));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn output_plan_path_budget_returns_an_error() {
+        let mut job = Writes::default();
+        let path = "x".repeat(1024 * 1024);
+        for _ in 0..16 {
+            job.push(movie(1, &path)).unwrap();
+        }
+        assert!(job.push(movie(2, "one-too-many")).is_err());
+        assert_eq!(job.all.len(), 16);
+    }
+
+    /// The item an output replaces a file of, how many files, and the first.
+    fn clash(job: &Writes, later: &Write) -> Option<(u64, u64, i64)> {
+        job.clash(later).map(|c| (c.earlier.item, c.files, c.first))
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_file_is_replaced_by_the_output_that_has_its_name() {
+        let job = job_of([movie(1, "out/a.mp4"), movie(2, "out/b.mp4"), movie(3, "out/b.mp4")]);
+        assert_eq!(clash(&job, &movie(9, "out/a.mp4")), Some((1, 1, 0)));
+        assert_eq!(clash(&job, &movie(9, "out/b.mp4")), Some((2, 1, 0)), "the first to write it is named");
+        assert_eq!(clash(&job, &movie(9, "out/x/../a.mp4")), Some((1, 1, 0)), "dot segments are resolved");
+        assert_eq!(clash(&job, &movie(9, "out/c.mp4")), None);
+        assert_eq!(clash(&job, &movie(9, "other/a.mp4")), None);
+        assert_eq!(clash(&job, &frames(9, "out/a.mp4", 0, 5)), None, "a sequence is not a movie");
+        assert!(Writes::default().is_empty() && !job.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn two_names_of_one_file_on_disk_are_one_file() {
+        let on_disk = |item: u64, name: &str, id: Option<&str>| Write {
+            item,
+            path: name.into(),
+            target: Target::File { key: name.into(), identity: id.map(String::from) },
+            skips: false,
+        };
+        let job = job_of([on_disk(1, "/a/link.mp4", Some("7:1")), on_disk(2, "/a/nothing-yet.mp4", None)]);
+        assert_eq!(clash(&job, &on_disk(9, "/b/real.mp4", Some("7:1"))), Some((1, 1, 0)));
+        assert_eq!(clash(&job, &on_disk(9, "/b/real.mp4", Some("7:2"))), None);
+        assert_eq!(clash(&job, &on_disk(9, "/b/real.mp4", None)), None, "a file that is not there has no identity");
+        assert_eq!(clash(&job, &on_disk(9, "/a/nothing-yet.mp4", None)), Some((2, 1, 0)), "its name is all there is");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn sequences_clash_where_their_frames_do() {
+        let job = job_of([frames(1, "a_[#####].png", 0, 5)]); // frames 0-4
+        assert_eq!(clash(&job, &frames(2, "a_[#####].png", 5, 5)), None, "the five after it");
+        assert_eq!(clash(&job, &frames(2, "a_[#####].png", -3, 3)), None, "the three before it");
+        assert_eq!(clash(&job, &frames(2, "a_[#####].png", 4, 5)), Some((1, 1, 4)), "frame 4 only");
+        assert_eq!(clash(&job, &frames(2, "a_[#####].png", 2, 1)), Some((1, 1, 2)));
+        assert_eq!(clash(&job, &frames(2, "a_[#####].png", 1, 2)), Some((1, 2, 1)));
+        assert_eq!(clash(&job, &frames(2, "a_[#####].png", -3, 100)), Some((1, 5, 0)), "all five");
+        // The first of several that overlap is the one named.
+        let job = job_of([frames(1, "a_[#####].png", 0, 3), frames(2, "a_[#####].png", 3, 3)]);
+        assert_eq!(clash(&job, &frames(9, "a_[#####].png", 2, 3)), Some((1, 1, 2)));
+        assert_eq!(clash(&job, &frames(9, "a_[#####].png", 3, 3)), Some((2, 3, 3)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn sequences_of_other_names_do_not_clash() {
+        let job = job_of([frames(1, "out/a_[#####].png", 0, 5)]);
+        for other in ["out/b_[#####].png", "out/a_[####].png", "out/a_[#####].jpg", "elsewhere/a_[#####].png", "out/a[#####].png", "out/a_[#####]/x.png"] {
+            assert_eq!(clash(&job, &frames(2, other, 0, 5)), None, "{other}");
+        }
+        // One name, however it is spelled: the run with or without brackets, none at all, dot segments.
+        for same in ["out/a_[#####].png", "out/a_#####.png", "out/a.png", "out/b/../a_[#####].png"] {
+            assert_eq!(clash(&job, &frames(2, same, 0, 5)), Some((1, 5, 0)), "{same}");
+        }
+        // A frame number that starts a folder's name is not a file name's.
+        let job = job_of([frames(1, "out/[##].png", 0, 5)]);
+        assert_eq!(clash(&job, &frames(2, "out[##].png", 0, 5)), None);
+        assert_eq!(clash(&job, &frames(2, "out/[##].png", 0, 5)), Some((1, 5, 0)));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn padding_widths_can_name_the_same_frame_and_files_can_name_sequence_frames() {
+        let job = job_of([frames(1, "out/a_[####].png", 9999, 3)]);
+        assert_eq!(clash(&job, &frames(2, "out/a_[#####].png", 9999, 3)), Some((1, 2, 10000)));
+        let job = job_of([frames(1, "out/a_[##].png", -12, 15)]);
+        assert_eq!(clash(&job, &frames(2, "out/a_[###].png", -12, 15)), Some((1, 3, -12)));
+        let job = job_of([frames(1, "out/a_[#####].png", 0, 5)]);
+        assert_eq!(clash(&job, &movie(2, "out/a_00002.png")), Some((1, 1, 2)));
+        let job = job_of([movie(1, "out/a_00002.png")]);
+        assert_eq!(clash(&job, &frames(2, "out/a_[#####].png", 0, 5)), Some((1, 1, 2)));
+        let mut skipping = frames(2, "out/a_[#####].png", 0, 5);
+        skipping.skips = true;
+        assert_eq!(clash(&job, &skipping), None);
+    }
+
+    /// Skip Existing Files leaves a frame that is there alone: it matters for the output that
+    /// comes second, and for sequences only.
+    #[test]
+    fn an_output_that_skips_existing_frames_replaces_none() {
+        let skipping = |mut write: Write| {
+            write.skips = true;
+            write
+        };
+        let job_of_one = job_of([frames(1, "a_[#####].png", 0, 5)]);
+        assert_eq!(clash(&job_of_one, &skipping(frames(2, "a_[#####].png", 0, 5))), None);
+        let job_of_one = job_of([skipping(frames(1, "a_[#####].png", 0, 5))]);
+        assert_eq!(clash(&job_of_one, &frames(2, "a_[#####].png", 3, 5)), Some((1, 2, 3)), "the earlier one's frames are replaced");
+        let job_of_one = job_of([movie(1, "a.mp4")]);
+        assert_eq!(clash(&job_of_one, &skipping(movie(2, "a.mp4"))), Some((1, 1, 0)), "a movie is written whole");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn frame_numbers_beyond_what_a_project_holds_do_not_panic() {
+        let top = i64::MAX - 1;
+        let job = job_of([frames(1, "a_[#####].png", top, u64::MAX), frames(2, "a_[#####].png", i64::MIN, u64::MAX)]);
+        assert_eq!(clash(&job, &frames(9, "a_[#####].png", top, u64::MAX)), Some((1, 1, top)));
+        assert_eq!(clash(&job, &frames(9, "a_[#####].png", -5, 3)), Some((2, 3, -5)));
+        assert_eq!(clash(&job, &frames(9, "a_[#####].png", 0, 5)), None, "between the two");
+        assert_eq!(clash(&job, &frames(9, "a_[#####].png", i64::MAX, 0)), None, "nothing written");
+        assert_eq!(clash(&job, &frames(9, "a_[#####].png", i64::MIN, 0)), None);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_reason_names_both_items_and_what_they_write() {
+        let both = DuplicateOutput {
+            item: 7,
+            index: 3,
+            comp: "Main".into(),
+            path: "/o/Main.mp4".into(),
+            files: 1,
+            sequence: false,
+            with: 4,
+            with_index: 1,
+            with_comp: "Intro".into(),
+        };
+        assert_eq!(
+            both.reason(),
+            "#1 “Intro” and #3 “Main” would both write /o/Main.mp4, and a render never writes one file twice; choose another Output To for one of them"
+        );
+        let sequence = DuplicateOutput { sequence: true, files: 12, path: "/o/Main_[#####].png".into(), ..both.clone() };
+        assert!(sequence.reason().contains("would both write 12 frames of /o/Main_[#####].png,"), "{}", sequence.reason());
+        let one = DuplicateOutput { files: 1, path: "/o/Main_00004.png".into(), ..sequence };
+        assert!(one.reason().contains("would both write /o/Main_00004.png,"), "{}", one.reason());
+        let itself = DuplicateOutput { with: 7, with_index: 3, with_comp: "Main".into(), ..both.clone() };
+        assert!(itself.reason().starts_with("#3 “Main” would write /o/Main.mp4 twice (two of its output modules), and a render never"), "{}", itself.reason());
+
+        let mut found = vec![];
+        assert_eq!(duplicate_refusal(&found), None);
+        found.push(both.clone());
+        assert_eq!(duplicate_refusal(&found), Some(format!("{}. Nothing was rendered", both.reason())));
+        found.push(both.clone());
+        assert!(duplicate_refusal(&found).is_some_and(|r| r.ends_with("Nothing was rendered; 1 more output would write a file twice too")));
+        found.push(both);
+        assert!(duplicate_refusal(&found).is_some_and(|r| r.ends_with("Nothing was rendered; 2 more outputs would write a file twice too")));
+    }
 
     #[test]
     #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/render_queue.rs b/crates/engine/src/render_queue.rs
index 1ff91e8e8..41474ceef 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/render_queue.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/render_queue.rs
@@ -57,6 +57,12 @@ pub struct ExportResult {
 pub trait Exporter: Send + Sync {
     /// Formats this build can write.
     fn formats(&self) -> Vec<OutputFormat>;
+    /// Whether Skip Existing Files preserves sequence frames written by earlier items. Exporters
+    /// without an existence check (such as memory sinks) must keep the conservative default.
+    /// The check must cover the final destination for these settings, including any overflow.
+    fn supports_skip_existing(&self, _settings: &effectcraft_project::render_queue::RenderSettings) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
     /// Render and write one item (blocking). `progress(done, total)` returns `false` to cancel;
     /// a cancelled export removes the files it opened for that output and returns `Err("cancelled")`.
     /// Completed earlier queue items and unrelated files must be preserved.
@@ -493,6 +499,11 @@ impl Session {
         let formats = exporter.formats();
         let (mut items, mut problems) = self.queued_outputs(&formats);
         let refused = self.check_outputs(&items);
+        // Two outputs of this job on one file: the render would replace its own output, so it is
+        // refused before anything is written (the items refused above take no part).
+        if let Some(refusal) = crate::output_guard::duplicate_refusal(&self.duplicate_outputs(&items, &refused)?) {
+            return Err(refusal);
+        }
         items.retain(|modules| modules.first().is_none_or(|(it, _)| !refused.iter().any(|r| r.item == it.id)));
         problems.extend(refused.iter().map(|r| (r.item, RenderStatus::Failed(r.reason.clone()))));
         if !problems.is_empty() {
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/tests/menu_cmds.rs b/crates/engine/src/tests/menu_cmds.rs
index cfbbb4966..d30fc156a 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/tests/menu_cmds.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/tests/menu_cmds.rs
@@ -1943,3 +1943,95 @@ fn old_guides_load_as_pixel_guides_and_percent_round_trips() {
     // A zero-sized comp never divides by zero.
     assert!(g.px(0, 0).is_finite());
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn copy_paste_masks_between_layers() {
+    let mut s = comp();
+    let a = solid(&mut s, "#ff0000");
+    let b = solid(&mut s, "#00ff00");
+    let n = s.active_comp().unwrap().layers.len();
+    s.execute("layer.select", json!({"layers": [a]})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.addMask", json!({})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.addMask", json!({"shape": "ellipse"})).unwrap();
+    let names = |s: &Session, id: u64| layer(s, id).masks().unwrap().groups().map(|m| m.name.clone()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let uids = |s: &Session, id: u64| layer(s, id).masks().unwrap().groups().map(|m| m.uid).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let first = uids(&s, a)[0];
+    s.execute("prop.select", json!({"layer": a, "prop": first})).unwrap();
+    // Copy the mask: it is the mask that is copied, not its layer.
+    assert_eq!(s.execute("edit.copy", json!({})).unwrap()["masks"], json!(1));
+    assert!(s.state.clipboard.is_empty(), "not the layer");
+    assert!(s.is_enabled("edit.paste"));
+    s.execute("layer.select", json!({"layers": [b]})).unwrap();
+    let r = s.execute("edit.paste", json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(s.active_comp().unwrap().layers.len(), n, "no new layer");
+    assert_eq!(names(&s, b), ["Mask 1"]);
+    let pasted = r["masks"][0].as_u64().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(uids(&s, b), [pasted]);
+    assert_ne!(pasted, first);
+    assert_eq!(s.state.selected_props, vec![(effectcraft_project::LayerId(b), pasted)]);
+    assert_eq!(names(&s, a), ["Mask 1", "Mask 2"], "the source keeps its masks");
+    // Pasting again onto the same layer keeps names unique.
+    s.execute("edit.paste", json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(names(&s, b), ["Mask 1", "Mask 2"]);
+    // One undo step per paste.
+    s.execute("edit.undo", json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(names(&s, b), ["Mask 1"]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn paste_masks_skips_locked_layers() {
+    let mut s = comp();
+    let a = solid(&mut s, "#ff0000");
+    let b = solid(&mut s, "#00ff00");
+    s.execute("layer.select", json!({"layers": [a]})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.addMask", json!({})).unwrap();
+    let mask = layer(&s, a).masks().unwrap().groups().next().unwrap().uid;
+    s.execute("prop.select", json!({"layer": a, "prop": mask})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("edit.copy", json!({})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.select", json!({"layers": [b]})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.setSwitch", json!({"layers": [b], "switch": "lock", "value": true})).unwrap();
+    assert!(s.execute("edit.paste", json!({})).is_err());
+    assert_eq!(layer(&s, b).masks().unwrap().groups().count(), 0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn copy_with_an_explicit_layer_ignores_the_selected_mask() {
+    let mut s = comp();
+    let a = solid(&mut s, "#ff0000");
+    s.execute("layer.select", json!({"layers": [a]})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.addMask", json!({})).unwrap();
+    let mask = layer(&s, a).masks().unwrap().groups().next().unwrap().uid;
+    s.execute("prop.select", json!({"layer": a, "prop": mask})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("edit.copy", json!({"layer": a})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(s.state.clipboard.len(), 1, "the named layer is copied");
+    assert!(s.state.mask_clipboard.is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn selecting_a_mask_drops_stale_key_selection_so_copy_copies_the_mask() {
+    let mut s = comp();
+    let a = solid(&mut s, "#ff0000");
+    s.execute("layer.select", json!({"layers": [a]})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.addMask", json!({})).unwrap();
+    let mask = layer(&s, a).masks().unwrap().groups().next().unwrap().uid;
+    s.state.selected_keys = vec![crate::KeyRef { layer: effectcraft_project::LayerId(a), prop: 1, time: Default::default() }];
+    s.execute("prop.select", json!({"layer": a, "prop": mask})).unwrap();
+    assert!(s.state.selected_keys.is_empty());
+    assert_eq!(s.execute("edit.copy", json!({})).unwrap()["masks"], json!(1));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn pasting_a_mask_onto_its_own_layer_drops_the_source_vertex_selection() {
+    let mut s = comp();
+    let a = solid(&mut s, "#ff0000");
+    s.execute("layer.select", json!({"layers": [a]})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("layer.addMask", json!({})).unwrap();
+    let mask = layer(&s, a).masks().unwrap().groups().next().unwrap().uid;
+    s.execute("prop.select", json!({"layer": a, "prop": mask})).unwrap();
+    assert!(!s.state.selected_vertices.is_empty());
+    s.execute("edit.copy", json!({})).unwrap();
+    s.execute("edit.paste", json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert!(s.state.selected_vertices.is_empty());
+    s.execute("edit.clear", json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(layer(&s, a).masks().unwrap().groups().count(), 1, "the pasted mask goes, the source stays");
+}
diff --git a/crates/engine/src/tests/render_overwrite.rs b/crates/engine/src/tests/render_overwrite.rs
index 93c2ec45c..7ed21f739 100644
--- a/crates/engine/src/tests/render_overwrite.rs
+++ b/crates/engine/src/tests/render_overwrite.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 //! Rendering never replaces a file the project reads (#1743). Ordinary-file replacement
-//! behavior stays with the exporter and its confirmation API.
+//! behavior stays with the exporter and its confirmation API. Two items of one job never write
+//! the same file either.
 
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
@@ -27,6 +28,9 @@ impl Exporter for Writer {
     fn formats(&self) -> Vec<OutputFormat> {
         OutputFormat::ALL.to_vec()
     }
+    fn supports_skip_existing(&self, _: &effectcraft_project::render_queue::RenderSettings) -> bool {
+        true
+    }
     fn export(&self, job: &ExportJob, _: &mut dyn FnMut(u64, u64) -> bool) -> Result<ExportResult, String> {
         self.jobs.lock().unwrap().push(job.path.to_string());
         let comp = job.project.comp(job.item.comp).ok_or("no comp")?;
@@ -609,3 +613,430 @@ fn a_watched_folder_still_renders_a_project_again_over_its_outputs() {
     assert_eq!(done[0]["state"], "done", "{:?}", done[0]);
     assert_eq!(f.read("Main.mp4"), RENDERED);
 }
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------ one file, two items of one job
+//
+// Nothing is on disk when a job starts, so the check for files that exist said nothing about two
+// queue items that resolve to one output: the item rendered last replaced the file of the one
+// before it, inside the same job.
+
+impl Fixture {
+    /// The output path of every queue item, in queue order.
+    fn outputs(&self) -> Vec<PathBuf> {
+        (0..self.s.project.render_queue.len()).map(|i| self.output(i)).collect()
+    }
+
+    fn add(&mut self, params: Value) {
+        self.s.execute("renderQueue.add", params).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    /// What the queue would write twice, in the shape the tests read: `{"duplicates": [...]}`.
+    fn check(&mut self) -> Value {
+        let formats = self.s.exporter.as_ref().map(|e| e.formats()).unwrap_or_default();
+        let (items, _) = self.s.queued_outputs(&formats);
+        let refused = self.s.check_outputs(&items);
+        let duplicates: Vec<Value> = self
+            .s
+            .duplicate_outputs(&items, &refused)
+            .unwrap()
+            .iter()
+            .map(|d| {
+                json!({
+                    "item": d.item, "index": d.index, "comp": d.comp, "path": d.path, "files": d.files, "sequence": d.sequence,
+                    "with": {"item": d.with, "index": d.with_index, "comp": d.with_comp}, "reason": d.reason(),
+                })
+            })
+            .collect();
+        json!({"duplicates": duplicates})
+    }
+
+    /// What `check` lists under `duplicates`: for each, the place in the queue of the item that
+    /// would write over a file, the place of the item that wrote it first, and how many files.
+    fn clashes(&mut self) -> Vec<(u64, u64, u64)> {
+        let found = self.check();
+        let list = found["duplicates"].as_array().unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("checkOutputs lists no duplicates: {found}"));
+        list.iter().map(|d| (d["index"].as_u64().unwrap_or(0), d["with"]["index"].as_u64().unwrap_or(0), d["files"].as_u64().unwrap_or(0))).collect()
+    }
+}
+
+/// A PNG sequence of `pattern` for the composition's seconds `start..end`.
+fn span(pattern: &str, start: f64, end: f64) -> Value {
+    json!({"format": "png", "output": pattern, "timeSpan": "custom", "start": start, "end": end})
+}
+
+fn with_overflow(f: &mut Fixture) {
+    struct Room;
+    impl effectcraft_project::render_queue::StorageQuota for Room {
+        fn has_room(&self, _: &str, _: u64) -> bool {
+            true
+        }
+    }
+    f.s.storage_quota = Some(Arc::new(Room));
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(f.path("overflow")).unwrap();
+    Arc::make_mut(&mut f.s.project).render_prefs.overflow_folders = vec![f.text("overflow")];
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn default_names_avoid_possible_storage_overflow_collisions() {
+    let mut f = Fixture::new("overflow-default");
+    f.comp("Main");
+    with_overflow(&mut f);
+    f.add(json!({"output": f.text("other/Main.mp4"), "storageOverflow": true}));
+    f.add(json!({"storageOverflow": true}));
+    assert_eq!(f.output(1), f.path("Main_1.mp4"));
+    assert!(f.clashes().is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn possible_storage_overflow_destinations_cannot_replace_footage() {
+    let mut f = Fixture::new("overflow-footage");
+    f.comp("Main");
+    with_overflow(&mut f);
+    f.footage("overflow/Main.mp4");
+    f.add(json!({"output": f.text("other/Main.mp4"), "storageOverflow": true}));
+    let error = f.render(json!({})).unwrap_err().to_string();
+    assert!(error.contains("footage") && error.contains("Main.mp4"), "{error}");
+    assert!(f.exported().is_empty());
+    assert_eq!(f.read("overflow/Main.mp4"), SOURCE);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn default_names_avoid_protected_storage_overflow_destinations() {
+    let mut f = Fixture::new("overflow-protected-default");
+    f.comp("Main");
+    with_overflow(&mut f);
+    f.footage("overflow/Main.mp4");
+    f.add(json!({"storageOverflow": true}));
+    assert_eq!(f.output(0), f.path("Main_1.mp4"));
+    f.render(json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(f.exported().len(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(f.read("overflow/Main.mp4"), SOURCE);
+}
+
+/// After Effects numbers the second item of one composition (`Comp 1_1.mov`). A default output
+/// name that another item of the queue already has is numbered the same way.
+#[test]
+fn a_second_default_item_for_one_comp_gets_the_next_free_name() {
+    let mut f = Fixture::new("second-default");
+    f.comp("Main");
+    for _ in 0..3 {
+        f.add(json!({}));
+    }
+    assert_eq!(f.outputs(), [f.path("Main.mp4"), f.path("Main_1.mp4"), f.path("Main_2.mp4")]);
+    // The name is stored in the item: taking the first one out renames nothing, and the name it
+    // frees is the next default.
+    f.s.execute("renderQueue.remove", json!({"index": 1})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(f.outputs(), [f.path("Main_1.mp4"), f.path("Main_2.mp4")]);
+    f.add(json!({}));
+    assert_eq!(f.output(2), f.path("Main.mp4"));
+    assert!(f.clashes().is_empty());
+    f.render(json!({})).unwrap();
+    for file in ["Main.mp4", "Main_1.mp4", "Main_2.mp4"] {
+        assert_eq!(f.read(file), RENDERED, "{file}");
+    }
+    assert_eq!(f.exported().len(), 3);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn only_outputs_that_name_one_file_are_numbered() {
+    let mut f = Fixture::new("same-file-only");
+    f.comp("Main");
+    f.add(json!({"format": "h264"}));
+    f.add(json!({"format": "prores"}));
+    f.add(json!({"format": "hevc"})); // H.264 and HEVC both write .mp4
+    f.add(json!({"format": "png"}));
+    f.add(json!({"format": "png"})); // the same five frames of the same sequence
+    assert_eq!(f.outputs(), [f.path("Main.mp4"), f.path("Main.mov"), f.path("Main_1.mp4"), f.path("Main_[#####].png"), f.path("Main_1_[#####].png")]);
+    assert!(f.clashes().is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_default_name_avoids_every_output_module_of_the_other_items() {
+    let mut f = Fixture::new("modules");
+    f.comp("Main");
+    f.add(json!({}));
+    // The item's second module is named Main_2.mp4, so that it does not clash with its first.
+    let item = f.s.execute("render.addOutputModule", json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(Path::new(item["extraOutputs"][0]["outputPath"].as_str().unwrap()), f.path("Main_2.mp4"), "{item}");
+    f.add(json!({}));
+    f.add(json!({}));
+    assert_eq!(f.output(1), f.path("Main_1.mp4"));
+    assert_eq!(f.output(2), f.path("Main_3.mp4"), "Main_2.mp4 is the first item's second module");
+    assert!(f.clashes().is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_name_the_caller_gave_is_never_numbered() {
+    let mut f = Fixture::new("named");
+    f.comp("Main");
+    let out = f.text("final.mp4");
+    f.add(json!({"output": out}));
+    f.add(json!({"output": out}));
+    f.add(json!({"path": out}));
+    assert_eq!(f.outputs(), vec![f.path("final.mp4"); 3]);
+    assert!(f.s.project.render_queue.iter().all(|i| i.output.output == out), "the names stored in the items are the ones given");
+    // Rendering them is what is refused (below): items 2 and 3 each clash with item 1.
+    assert_eq!(f.clashes(), [(2, 1, 1), (3, 1, 1)]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_pre_render_numbers_its_default_name_too() {
+    let mut f = Fixture::new("pre-render");
+    f.comp("Main");
+    f.s.execute("render.preRender", json!({})).unwrap();
+    f.s.execute("render.preRender", json!({})).unwrap();
+    f.s.execute("render.preRender", json!({"output": f.text("mine.mov")})).unwrap();
+    f.s.execute("render.preRender", json!({"output": f.text("mine.mov")})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(f.outputs(), [f.path("Main_prerender.mov"), f.path("Main_prerender_1.mov"), f.path("mine.mov"), f.path("mine.mov")]);
+}
+
+/// File ▸ Create Proxy queues a render with a default name of its own too.
+#[test]
+fn create_proxy_numbers_its_default_name_too() {
+    let mut f = Fixture::new("proxy-names");
+    f.comp("Main");
+    f.s.execute("file.createProxy", json!({"kind": "movie"})).unwrap();
+    f.s.execute("file.createProxy", json!({"kind": "movie"})).unwrap();
+    f.s.execute("file.createProxy", json!({"kind": "movie", "output": f.text("mine.mov")})).unwrap();
+    f.s.execute("file.createProxy", json!({"kind": "movie", "output": f.text("mine.mov")})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(f.outputs(), [f.path("Main_proxy.mov"), f.path("Main_proxy_1.mov"), f.path("mine.mov"), f.path("mine.mov")]);
+}
+
+/// Save Frame As ▸ File… with `queue`: every file of a sequence has its frame number in its name,
+/// so two frames of one composition share no file, and the same frame twice does.
+#[test]
+fn queued_frames_number_their_default_names_only_when_they_are_the_same_frame() {
+    let mut f = Fixture::new("frames");
+    f.comp("Main");
+    for time in [0.0, 0.2, 0.0] {
+        f.s.execute("comp.saveFrameAs", json!({"queue": true, "time": time})).unwrap();
+    }
+    assert_eq!(f.outputs(), [f.path("Main_[#####].png"), f.path("Main_[#####].png"), f.path("Main_1_[#####].png")]);
+    assert!(f.clashes().is_empty());
+    f.render(json!({})).unwrap();
+    for file in ["Main_00000.png", "Main_00002.png", "Main_1_00000.png"] {
+        assert_eq!(f.read(file), RENDERED, "{file}");
+    }
+}
+
+/// The report: two queue items forced to one path (the same Output To) replaced each other's file
+/// inside one job. The render is refused before anything is written, whatever `overwrite` says:
+/// that flag is for files that exist, and this is the render replacing its own output.
+#[test]
+fn two_items_forced_to_one_file_are_reported_and_the_render_is_refused() {
+    let mut f = Fixture::new("one-file");
+    f.comp("Main");
+    let out = f.text("render.mp4");
+    f.add(json!({"output": out}));
+    f.add(json!({"output": out}));
+    let found = f.check();
+    let list = found["duplicates"].as_array().unwrap_or_else(|| panic!("checkOutputs lists no duplicates: {found}"));
+    assert_eq!(list.len(), 1, "{found}");
+    let d = &list[0];
+    let (first, second) = (f.s.project.render_queue[0].id, f.s.project.render_queue[1].id);
+    assert_eq!((d["item"].as_u64(), d["index"].as_u64(), d["comp"].as_str()), (Some(second), Some(2), Some("Main")), "{found}");
+    assert_eq!((d["with"]["item"].as_u64(), d["with"]["index"].as_u64(), d["with"]["comp"].as_str()), (Some(first), Some(1), Some("Main")), "{found}");
+    assert_eq!((d["files"].as_u64(), d["sequence"].as_bool()), (Some(1), Some(false)), "{found}");
+    assert_eq!(Path::new(d["path"].as_str().unwrap_or_default()), f.path("render.mp4"), "{found}");
+    let why = d["reason"].as_str().unwrap_or_default();
+    assert!(why.contains("#1") && why.contains("#2") && why.contains("render.mp4") && why.contains("Output To"), "{found}");
+
+    let queue = f.s.project.render_queue.clone();
+    let e = f.render(json!({})).unwrap_err().to_string();
+    assert!(e.contains("#1") && e.contains("#2") && e.contains("render.mp4") && e.contains("Nothing was rendered"), "{e}");
+    assert!(!f.path("render.mp4").exists());
+    assert!(f.exported().is_empty(), "the exporter was not started");
+    assert_eq!(f.s.project.render_queue, queue, "a refused render changes nothing in the queue");
+
+    // A file that exists as well does not change that: replacing it would not help.
+    f.write("render.mp4", EARLIER);
+    let found = f.check();
+    assert_eq!(found["duplicates"].as_array().map(Vec::len), Some(1), "{found}");
+    let e = f.render(json!({})).unwrap_err().to_string();
+    assert!(e.contains("#2") && e.contains("Nothing was rendered"), "{e}");
+    assert_eq!(f.read("render.mp4"), EARLIER);
+
+    // Another Output To for one of them, and both render.
+    f.s.execute("renderQueue.setOutput", json!({"index": 2, "path": f.text("second.mp4")})).unwrap();
+    assert!(f.clashes().is_empty());
+    f.render(json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!((f.read("render.mp4"), f.read("second.mp4")), (RENDERED.to_vec(), RENDERED.to_vec()));
+}
+
+/// `renderQueue.duplicate` copies the item as it is, output included: it is reported until one of
+/// the two gets another Output To (or is turned off).
+#[test]
+fn a_duplicated_item_is_a_copy_and_clashes_until_one_of_them_changes() {
+    let mut f = Fixture::new("duplicate");
+    f.comp("Main");
+    f.add(json!({}));
+    f.s.execute("renderQueue.duplicate", json!({"index": 1})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(f.outputs(), [f.path("Main.mp4"), f.path("Main.mp4")], "a duplicate is a copy, its output included");
+    assert_eq!(f.clashes(), [(2, 1, 1)]);
+    let e = f.render(json!({})).unwrap_err().to_string();
+    assert!(e.contains("#1") && e.contains("#2") && e.contains("Main.mp4"), "{e}");
+    assert!(f.exported().is_empty());
+    // Turned off, the copy is not part of the job.
+    f.s.execute("renderQueue.setRender", json!({"index": 2, "render": false})).unwrap();
+    assert!(f.clashes().is_empty());
+    f.render(json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(f.read("Main.mp4"), RENDERED);
+    assert_eq!(f.exported().len(), 1);
+}
+
+/// Only the items of the job are compared: an earlier job's file is a file that exists, and
+/// replacing it is up to `overwrite`.
+#[test]
+fn an_item_that_is_not_in_the_job_does_not_clash() {
+    let mut f = Fixture::new("not-in-job");
+    f.comp("Main");
+    let out = f.text("render.mp4");
+    f.add(json!({"output": out}));
+    f.add(json!({"output": out}));
+    f.s.execute("renderQueue.setRender", json!({"index": 2, "render": false})).unwrap();
+    f.render(json!({})).unwrap(); // item 1 renders alone
+    f.s.execute("renderQueue.setRender", json!({"index": 2, "render": true})).unwrap();
+    assert!(f.clashes().is_empty(), "item 1 is done and is not in this job");
+    // item 2 now replaces the file item 1 wrote in the earlier job: an ordinary file, left to the exporter
+    f.render(json!({})).unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn another_spelling_of_one_file_is_one_file_where_the_volume_ignores_case() {
+    let mut f = Fixture::new("spellings");
+    f.comp("Main");
+    f.write("probe.txt", b"x");
+    if !f.path("PROBE.TXT").exists() {
+        eprintln!("this volume tells the two names apart: skipped");
+        return;
+    }
+    f.add(json!({"output": f.text("Render.mp4")}));
+    f.add(json!({"output": f.text("render.MP4")}));
+    f.add(json!({"output": f.dir.join("sub").join("..").join("RENDER.mp4").to_string_lossy()}));
+    f.add(json!({"output": f.text("other.mp4")}));
+    assert_eq!(f.clashes(), [(2, 1, 1), (3, 1, 1)]);
+}
+
+/// A sequence writes one file per frame: two items of one pattern clash on the frames they share,
+/// and not at all when their frames differ.
+#[test]
+fn sequences_clash_only_on_the_frames_they_both_write() {
+    let mut f = Fixture::new("sequence-halves");
+    f.comp("Main");
+    let pattern = f.text("seq_[#####].png");
+    f.add(span(&pattern, 0.0, 0.2)); // frames 0-1
+    f.add(span(&pattern, 0.2, 0.5)); // frames 2-4
+    assert!(f.clashes().is_empty());
+    f.render(json!({})).unwrap();
+    for n in 0..5 {
+        assert_eq!(f.read(&format!("seq_{n:05}.png")), RENDERED, "frame {n}");
+    }
+
+    let mut f = Fixture::new("sequence-overlap");
+    f.comp("Main");
+    let pattern = f.text("seq_[#####].png");
+    f.add(span(&pattern, 0.0, 0.2));
+    f.add(span(&pattern, 0.2, 0.5));
+    f.add(span(&pattern, 0.3, 0.5)); // frames 3-4 again
+    assert_eq!(f.clashes(), [(3, 2, 2)]);
+    let found = f.check();
+    assert_eq!(found["duplicates"][0]["sequence"], true, "{found}");
+    let e = f.render(json!({"overwrite": true})).unwrap_err().to_string();
+    assert!(e.contains("#2") && e.contains("#3") && e.contains("2 frames") && e.contains("seq_[#####].png"), "{e}");
+    assert!(!f.path("seq_00000.png").exists(), "the frames before the clash were not rendered either");
+    assert!(f.exported().is_empty());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn differently_padded_sequences_cannot_replace_the_same_frames() {
+    let mut f = Fixture::new("padding-width-clash");
+    f.s.execute("comp.new", json!({"name": "Main", "width": 16, "height": 16, "frameRate": 10, "duration": 2})).unwrap();
+    f.add(span(&f.text("seq_[#].png"), 0.9, 1.2));
+    f.add(span(&f.text("seq_[##].png"), 0.9, 1.2));
+    assert_eq!(f.clashes(), [(2, 1, 2)]);
+    assert!(f.render(json!({})).is_err());
+    assert!(f.exported().is_empty());
+}
+
+/// Skip Existing Files leaves a frame alone when it is there: the item that skips and comes second
+/// writes only what the first did not. The item that skips and comes first is written over.
+#[test]
+fn a_later_item_that_skips_existing_frames_leaves_the_earlier_ones_alone() {
+    let mut f = Fixture::new("skip-later");
+    f.comp("Main");
+    let pattern = f.text("seq_[#####].png");
+    f.add(json!({"format": "png", "output": pattern}));
+    f.add(json!({"format": "png", "output": pattern, "skipExisting": true}));
+    assert!(f.clashes().is_empty());
+    f.render(json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(f.read("seq_00004.png"), RENDERED);
+
+    let mut f = Fixture::new("skip-earlier");
+    f.comp("Main");
+    let pattern = f.text("seq_[#####].png");
+    f.add(json!({"format": "png", "output": pattern, "skipExisting": true}));
+    f.add(json!({"format": "png", "output": pattern}));
+    assert_eq!(f.clashes(), [(2, 1, 5)]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn two_output_modules_of_one_item_cannot_share_a_file() {
+    let mut f = Fixture::new("two-modules");
+    f.comp("Main");
+    let out = f.text("render.mp4");
+    f.add(json!({"output": out}));
+    f.s.execute("render.addOutputModule", json!({"output": out})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(f.clashes(), [(1, 1, 1)]);
+    let e = f.render(json!({})).unwrap_err().to_string();
+    assert!(e.contains("#1") && e.contains("twice"), "{e}");
+    assert!(f.exported().is_empty());
+}
+
+/// Settings ▸ Export ▸ Segment Sequences puts each item's frames in numbered folders: default
+/// names keep two items' folders apart, and items given one name clash segment by segment.
+#[test]
+fn segmented_sequences_clash_segment_by_segment() {
+    let mut f = Fixture::new("segments");
+    f.comp("Main");
+    f.s.prefs.export.segment_sequences = true;
+    f.s.prefs.export.segment_sequence_files = 2; // five frames: segments of 2, 2 and 1
+    f.add(json!({"format": "png"}));
+    f.add(json!({"format": "png"}));
+    assert_eq!(f.output(1), f.path("Main_1_[#####].png"));
+    assert!(f.clashes().is_empty());
+    f.render(json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(f.read("Main_001/Main_00000.png"), RENDERED);
+    assert_eq!(f.read("Main_1_003/Main_1_00004.png"), RENDERED);
+
+    let mut f = Fixture::new("segments-named");
+    f.comp("Main");
+    f.s.prefs.export.segment_sequences = true;
+    f.s.prefs.export.segment_sequence_files = 2;
+    let pattern = f.text("seg_[#####].png");
+    f.add(json!({"format": "png", "output": pattern}));
+    f.add(json!({"format": "png", "output": pattern}));
+    assert_eq!(f.clashes(), [(2, 1, 2), (2, 1, 2), (2, 1, 1)]);
+    let e = f.render(json!({})).unwrap_err().to_string();
+    assert!(e.contains("2 more"), "the first clash is named, the rest counted: {e}");
+    assert!(f.exported().is_empty());
+}
+
+/// An item that is refused for the file it would replace does not write anything, so it cannot
+/// clash with another item.
+#[test]
+fn items_refused_for_footage_are_not_compared_with_each_other() {
+    let mut f = Fixture::new("refused-pair");
+    f.footage("clip.mov");
+    f.comp("Main");
+    let clip = f.text("clip.mov");
+    f.add(json!({"format": "prores", "output": clip}));
+    f.add(json!({"format": "prores", "output": clip}));
+    f.add(json!({"output": f.text("ok.mp4")}));
+    let found = f.check();
+    assert_eq!(found["duplicates"].as_array().map(Vec::len), Some(0), "{found}");
+    let r = f.render(json!({})).unwrap();
+    let failed = r["items"].as_array().unwrap().iter().filter(|i| i["status"].get("Failed").is_some()).count();
+    assert_eq!(failed, 2, "both items on the footage are refused: {r}");
+    assert_eq!(f.read("clip.mov"), SOURCE);
+    assert_eq!(f.read("ok.mp4"), RENDERED);
+}
diff --git a/crates/host/src/lib.rs b/crates/host/src/lib.rs
index 08e1616a7..9a6556fdc 100644
--- a/crates/host/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/host/src/lib.rs
@@ -33,6 +33,10 @@ impl Exporter for FileExporter {
     fn formats(&self) -> Vec<OutputFormat> {
         effectcraft_export::available_formats()
     }
+    fn supports_skip_existing(&self, settings: &effectcraft_project::render_queue::RenderSettings) -> bool {
+        // The exporter's existence check precedes storage-overflow redirection.
+        self.sink.is_none() && !cfg!(target_arch = "wasm32") && !settings.storage_overflow
+    }
     fn export(&self, job: &ExportJob, progress: &mut dyn FnMut(u64, u64) -> bool) -> Result<ExportResult, String> {
         effectcraft_engine::render::passes::block_on(self.export_async(job, progress))
     }
diff --git a/crates/host/src/tests.rs b/crates/host/src/tests.rs
index 3114c2ddb..f628ce4e4 100644
--- a/crates/host/src/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/host/src/tests.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,70 @@
 use serde_json::json;
 
+#[test]
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+fn storage_overflow_cannot_bypass_duplicate_output_protection() {
+    for same_folder in [true, false] {
+        refuse_overflow_collision(same_folder);
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+fn refuse_overflow_collision(same_folder: bool) {
+    use std::{path::PathBuf, sync::Arc};
+    struct OverflowOnly(PathBuf);
+    impl effectcraft_project::render_queue::StorageQuota for OverflowOnly {
+        fn has_room(&self, path: &str, _: u64) -> bool {
+            std::path::Path::new(path).starts_with(&self.0)
+        }
+    }
+    let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("ec-duplicate-overflow-{}-{same_folder}", std::process::id()));
+    let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+    let overflow = dir.join("overflow");
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&overflow).unwrap();
+    let mut s = effectcraft_engine::Session {
+        exporter: Some(Arc::new(super::FileExporter::default())),
+        storage_quota: Some(Arc::new(OverflowOnly(overflow.clone()))),
+        ..Default::default()
+    };
+    Arc::make_mut(&mut s.project).render_prefs.overflow_folders = vec![overflow.to_string_lossy().into_owned(); 2];
+    s.execute("comp.new", json!({"width": 16, "height": 16, "frameRate": 10, "duration": 0.2})).unwrap();
+    for index in 0..2 {
+        let folder = if same_folder { dir.clone() } else { dir.join(index.to_string()) };
+        s.execute("renderQueue.add", json!({"format": "png", "output": folder.join("frames_[#####].png"), "skipExisting": true, "storageOverflow": true}))
+            .unwrap();
+    }
+    let result = s.execute("renderQueue.render", json!({}));
+    let written = std::fs::read_dir(&overflow).unwrap().count();
+    assert!(result.is_err(), "overflow destinations cannot skip previous frames: {result:?}");
+    assert_eq!(written, 0, "refused before any overflow file is written");
+    s.execute("renderQueue.remove", json!({"index": 2})).unwrap();
+    let result = s.execute("renderQueue.render", json!({})).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(result["items"][0]["status"], "Done", "one output's alternatives are not separate outputs: {result}");
+    assert_eq!(std::fs::read_dir(&overflow).unwrap().count(), 2);
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir).unwrap();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn memory_sink_cannot_overwrite_a_previous_output_even_with_skip_existing() {
+    use std::sync::{
+        Arc,
+        atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering},
+    };
+    let writes = Arc::new(AtomicUsize::new(0));
+    let count = writes.clone();
+    let sink: Arc<effectcraft_export::Sink> = Arc::new(move |_, _| {
+        count.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+    });
+    let mut s = effectcraft_engine::Session { exporter: Some(Arc::new(super::FileExporter { sink: Some(sink) })), ..Default::default() };
+    s.execute("comp.new", json!({"name": "Main", "width": 16, "height": 16, "frameRate": 10, "duration": 0.2})).unwrap();
+    for _ in 0..2 {
+        s.execute("renderQueue.add", json!({"format": "png", "output": "/virtual/frames_[#####].png", "skipExisting": true})).unwrap();
+    }
+    let result = s.execute("renderQueue.render", json!({}));
+    assert!(result.is_err(), "a sink cannot skip previous paths: {result:?}");
+    assert_eq!(writes.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 0, "refused before the sink receives bytes");
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn host_runs_tasks_scheduled_by_panel_handlers() {
     let mut s = super::session();
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/menus/frontend.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/menus/frontend.rs
index 1bd11dabe..c3af37656 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/menus/frontend.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/menus/frontend.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ fn clipboard_text(s: &effectcraft_engine::Session) -> String {
         n(st.effect_clipboard.len(), "effect", "effects")
     } else if !st.contents_clipboard.is_empty() {
         n(st.contents_clipboard.len(), "shape item", "shape items")
+    } else if !st.mask_clipboard.is_empty() {
+        n(st.mask_clipboard.len(), "mask", "masks")
     } else if st.link_clipboard.is_some() {
         "EffectCraft: property links".into()
     } else {
diff --git a/docs/agents.md b/docs/agents.md
index c23c20ec5..f5197378f 100644
--- a/docs/agents.md
+++ b/docs/agents.md
@@ -319,6 +319,16 @@ build real projects through these interfaces; they are worked examples of everyt
   proresProfile: 4444, output}` then `renderQueue.render {"wait": true}`. Check a render by
   importing it (`file.import`, `file.newCompFromSelection`) and `render_frame {transparent: true}`
   for its alpha (ProRes 4444 and WebM VP9 alpha both read back as straight alpha).
+  **A render never writes one file twice either:** when two outputs of the job (two items, a
+  `renderQueue.duplicate` copy, output modules, segments) name the same file, the whole render is
+  refused before anything is written, naming both items. Sequences clash only on frames both
+  write. A later item with Skip Existing Files leaves the earlier one's frames alone only when
+  the exporter can check the final destination. Browser/memory sinks and storage-overflow renders still report collisions.
+  Preflight compares every configured overflow destination, since available space can change during a render. Default
+  names are numbered like footage collisions when another queue item writes them
+  (`renderQueue.add`, `render.preRender`, `comp.saveFrameAs {queue}`, `file.createProxy`: a second
+  `Main` renders to `Main_1.mp4`); a name you give is kept, and `renderQueue.duplicate` copies the
+  output as it is, so change one with `renderQueue.setOutput` or turn it off.
 * **Other files written to a path you give** follow the same footage rule, with no flag and no
   prompt: `comp.saveFrameAs` (also `…Psd`, `…Exr`), `file.exportLottie`, `file.saveCopy`,
   `file.saveCopyAsXml`, `file.collectFiles` (every copy and the collected project; nothing is
diff --git a/docs/mcp.md b/docs/mcp.md
index 686adcb35..fb02e79b6 100644
--- a/docs/mcp.md
+++ b/docs/mcp.md
@@ -53,6 +53,17 @@ receive `resultType: complete` and list/read cache hints; document reads are nev
 {"jsonrpc":"2.0","id":2,"method":"resources/read","params":{"uri":"effectcraft://document"}}
 ```
 
+## Two outputs on one file
+
+Two outputs of one job that write the same file (two items with one Output To, a duplicated item,
+output modules or segments that meet) refuse the whole `renderQueue.render` before anything is
+written: the reply is `isError: true`, naming both items, and the queue is left as it was.
+Sequences clash only on the frames both write. Skip Existing Files leaves earlier frames alone
+only when the exporter can check the final destination; browser/memory sinks and storage-overflow
+renders still report collisions. Preflight checks every configured overflow destination, since free
+space can change during a render. A new item's default output name is numbered (`Main.mp4`,
+`Main_1.mp4`) when another item of the queue writes it.
+
 ## Progress and cancellation
 
 Headless `command_run` / `execute_command` calls to `renderQueue.render` (unless `wait: false`)