diff --git a/crates/compose/src/lib.rs b/crates/compose/src/lib.rs
index 89883b78a..b83f479fe 100644
--- a/crates/compose/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/compose/src/lib.rs
@@ -365,6 +365,9 @@ pub struct Exclusion {
     /// An anchored object in the frame's own story: it wraps only lines that start after this
     /// story byte (its anchor).
     pub after: Option<usize>,
+    /// For an anchored object in the frame's own story: the baseline of the line holding its
+    /// anchor when the exclusion was taken from it.
+    pub anchor_baseline: Option<f64>,
 }
 
 impl Exclusion {
@@ -897,7 +900,7 @@ fn wrap_exclusion(
     if let Some(custom) = wrap.path.as_ref().and_then(|p| Contour::of(&p.to_bezpath(), inv * xf, 0.0)) {
         let rect = custom.bounds();
         let contour = matches!(wrap.mode, WrapMode::BoundingBox | WrapMode::Contour).then_some(custom);
-        return Exclusion { rect, mode: wrap.mode, side, contour, after: None };
+        return Exclusion { rect, mode: wrap.mode, side, contour, after: None, anchor_baseline: None };
     }
     let contour = if wrap.mode == WrapMode::Contour { outline() } else { None }.and_then(|src| {
         let mut c = Contour::of(&src.path, inv * xf, o[0])?;
@@ -910,7 +913,7 @@ fn wrap_exclusion(
         Some(c)
     });
     let rect = contour.as_ref().map_or_else(|| inv.transform_rect_bbox(r), Contour::bounds);
-    Exclusion { rect, mode: wrap.mode, side, contour, after: None }
+    Exclusion { rect, mode: wrap.mode, side, contour, after: None, anchor_baseline: None }
 }
 
 /// The outline a contour wrap follows, in the frame's inner space, with what clips it.
@@ -3635,7 +3638,9 @@ fn finish_composition(input: FinishInput<'_>) -> ComposedStory {
         let before: Vec<f64> = ft.tables.iter().map(|t| ft.lines.get(t.line).map_or(0.0, |l| l.baseline)).collect();
         let spanned = ft.columns.len() > 1 && ft.lines.iter().any(|l| span_paras.get(l.para) == Some(&true))
             || ft.lines.iter().any(|l| split_paras.get(l.para) == Some(&true));
-        vertical_justify(ft, f, spanned, &doc.footnote_options, grid_paras);
+        let anchors: Vec<usize> =
+            if ft.objects.is_empty() { Vec::new() } else { story.text.match_indices(designcraft_doc::OBJECT_MARK).map(|(i, _)| i).collect() };
+        vertical_justify(ft, f, spanned, &doc.footnote_options, grid_paras, &anchors);
         for (t, b) in ft.tables.iter_mut().zip(before) {
             let now = ft.lines.get(t.line).map_or(b, |l| l.baseline);
             t.shift(now - b);
@@ -5961,9 +5966,17 @@ fn rule_decos(doc: &Document, r: &designcraft_doc::Rule, rect: Rect, (color, tin
     out
 }
 
-/// `spanned`: a paragraph spans the frame's columns, so the lines move together. `grid_aligns`:
-/// each paragraph's Align to Baseline Grid setting.
-fn vertical_justify(ft: &mut FrameText, f: &FrameSpec, spanned: bool, notes: &designcraft_doc::FootnoteOptions, grid_aligns: &[GridAlign]) {
+/// `spanned`: a paragraph spans the frame's columns, so the lines move together. `anchors`: the
+/// story byte of each anchored object's mark, by object index.
+/// `grid_aligns`: each paragraph's Align to Baseline Grid setting.
+fn vertical_justify(
+    ft: &mut FrameText,
+    f: &FrameSpec,
+    spanned: bool,
+    notes: &designcraft_doc::FootnoteOptions,
+    grid_aligns: &[GridAlign],
+    anchors: &[usize],
+) {
     if ft.lines.is_empty() || f.opts.vertical_justification == VerticalJustification::Top {
         return;
     }
@@ -5973,6 +5986,7 @@ fn vertical_justify(ft: &mut FrameText, f: &FrameSpec, spanned: bool, notes: &de
     // Per column (or all lines together).
     let ncols = if spanned { 1 } else { ft.columns.len().max(1) as u32 };
     for c in 0..ncols {
+        let (rooms, follow) = wrap_rooms(ft, f, c, spanned, anchors);
         let idx: Vec<usize> = ft.lines.iter().enumerate().filter(|(_, l)| spanned || l.column == c).map(|(i, _)| i).collect();
         if idx.is_empty() {
             continue;
@@ -5994,6 +6008,13 @@ fn vertical_justify(ft: &mut FrameText, f: &FrameSpec, spanned: bool, notes: &de
         // `space`: the room under the bottom of the text.
         let inside = f.vertical || note_top <= f.area.y1;
         let space = if inside { limit - ink_bottom } else { limit - last_baseline };
+        // Center and Bottom move the lines together: the nearest text wrap under them is the
+        // bottom of the room they move down into, so the room is the least any line has before a
+        // wrap stops it. Justify checks each row's room below.
+        let space = match f.opts.vertical_justification {
+            VerticalJustification::Justify => space,
+            _ => idx.iter().map(|&i| rooms[i]).fold(space, f64::min),
+        };
         if space <= 0.0 {
             continue;
         }
@@ -6050,16 +6071,31 @@ fn vertical_justify(ft: &mut FrameText, f: &FrameSpec, spanned: bool, notes: &de
             }
             None => true,
         };
+        // Each row moves no further than a text wrap under it allows. An object that moves with its
+        // anchor's row (Justify) limits how much further than that row a later row moves.
+        let mut row_of = vec![None; ft.lines.len()];
+        for (&i, &k) in idx.iter().zip(&rows) {
+            row_of[i] = Some(k);
+        }
+        let follow: Vec<(usize, usize, f64)> = follow
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|&(i, a, room)| Some((row_of.get(i).copied().flatten()?, row_of.get(a).copied().flatten()?, room.max(0.0))))
+            .collect();
+        let clear = |shift: &[f64]| {
+            idx.iter().zip(&rows).all(|(&i, &k)| shift[k] <= rooms[i].max(0.0) + 1e-9)
+                && follow.iter().all(|&(k, m, room)| shift[k] - shift[m] <= room + 1e-9)
+        };
         // The lowest lines are tested first: they are the ones a narrowing outline stops.
         let fits = |shift: &[f64]| {
             idx.iter().zip(&rows).rev().all(|(&i, &k)| {
                 let l = &ft.lines[i];
                 shift[k] <= 0.0 || ((k == n || l.baseline + l.descent + shift[k] <= limit + 1e-9) && in_outline(l, k == n, shift[k]))
-            })
+            }) && clear(shift)
         };
         // In a rectangular frame fit decreases monotonically as the shift grows. A shaped
         // frame can narrow and widen again, so scan from the largest shift before refining the
-        // first fitting interval. This also bounds the room used for baseline-grid quantization.
+        // first fitting interval. This also bounds the room used for baseline-grid quantization
+        // and preserves clearance from fixed and anchor-following wraps.
         let most_room = |top: f64| -> f64 {
             if fits(&shifts(top)) {
                 return top;
@@ -6140,6 +6176,152 @@ fn vertical_justify(ft: &mut FrameText, f: &FrameSpec, spanned: bool, notes: &de
     }
 }
 
+/// How far each line of column `c` (every column when `spanned`) may move down before a text
+/// wrap stops it, by index in `ft.lines` (infinite without one); a table fragment's room counts
+/// for its line. No line moves into a wrap under its slot. As when lines are set around a wrap, a
+/// line's band runs from its top to its baseline, so a baseline may come down to a wrap's top; a
+/// table fragment stops with its bottom there. A wrap without a contour counts by its bounding
+/// box. Beside or under a contour, the line moves down only as far as its band stays clear of the
+/// contour on its way down (to 0.01 pt). Only wraps that reach into a line's column (or the
+/// columns it spans) count, as when the lines are set. An anchored object that moves with the
+/// lines being justified (inline, above the line, or positioned from its anchor and not kept
+/// within its column) is skipped, except under Justify, where it moves with the row of its
+/// anchor's line: its wrap is taken where the object sits before the lines move, and its rooms go
+/// in the second list as (line, anchor's line, room), so a line moves down at most that much
+/// further than the anchor's row. Justify keeps the first row in place, so its room stays
+/// infinite. `anchors` holds the story byte of each anchored object's mark, by object index.
+fn wrap_rooms(ft: &FrameText, f: &FrameSpec, c: u32, spanned: bool, anchors: &[usize]) -> (Vec<f64>, Vec<(usize, usize, f64)>) {
+    const EPS: f64 = 1e-6;
+    // One-sided wraps also block the column on the other side of the object: the x-range wrap
+    // `e` keeps text out of in column `col`, from the object's x-range `a..b` there (None when that
+    // range misses the column).
+    let sided = |e: &Exclusion, col: Rect, (a, b): (f64, f64)| -> Option<(f64, f64)> {
+        let r = e.rect;
+        (a < col.x1 && b > col.x0).then_some(match e.side {
+            WrapSide::LeftSide => (a, f64::INFINITY),
+            WrapSide::RightSide => (f64::NEG_INFINITY, b),
+            WrapSide::LargestArea if r.x0 - col.x0 >= col.x1 - r.x1 => (a, f64::INFINITY),
+            WrapSide::LargestArea => (f64::NEG_INFINITY, b),
+            WrapSide::BothSides | WrapSide::TowardsSpine | WrapSide::AwayFromSpine => (a, b),
+        })
+    };
+    // The x-range a wrap under the text keeps it out of in column `col`; None when text may stay beside it.
+    let blocked = |e: &Exclusion, col: Rect| -> Option<(f64, f64)> {
+        let r = e.rect;
+        match e.mode {
+            WrapMode::None => None,
+            WrapMode::JumpObject | WrapMode::JumpToNextColumn => (r.x0 < col.x1 && r.x1 > col.x0).then_some((f64::NEG_INFINITY, f64::INFINITY)),
+            WrapMode::BoundingBox | WrapMode::Contour => sided(e, col, (r.x0, r.x1)),
+        }
+    };
+    let in_col = |k: u32| spanned || k == c;
+    let justify = f.opts.vertical_justification == VerticalJustification::Justify;
+    // The object whose mark is at each story byte, placed on one of these lines (the first one
+    // listed).
+    let mut by_anchor = HashMap::new();
+    for o in ft.objects.iter().filter(|o| ft.lines.get(o.line).is_some_and(|l| in_col(l.column))) {
+        if let Some(&a) = anchors.get(o.index) {
+            by_anchor.entry(a).or_insert(o);
+        }
+    }
+    // An own-story anchored object whose anchor is on one of these lines and whose position
+    // follows its line moves with the text: the index in `ft.lines` of its anchor's line, and how
+    // much lower that line was when the wrap was taken (an earlier pass placed the object after
+    // moving the lines).
+    let moves_with_text = |e: &Exclusion| -> Option<(usize, f64)> {
+        let o = *by_anchor.get(&e.after?)?;
+        let follows = match &o.object.position {
+            designcraft_doc::AnchorPosition::Inline { .. } | designcraft_doc::AnchorPosition::AboveLine { .. } => true,
+            // Kept within the column, it can stop at the column's edge instead of following.
+            designcraft_doc::AnchorPosition::Custom { y_relative, keep_within_column, .. } => {
+                *y_relative == designcraft_doc::anchored::AnchorRelative::Anchor && !keep_within_column
+            }
+        };
+        let now = ft.lines.get(o.line).map_or(0.0, |l| l.baseline);
+        follows.then(|| (o.line, e.anchor_baseline.map_or(0.0, |b| b - now)))
+    };
+    // Each wrap's object is looked up once, not for every line.
+    let moving: Vec<Option<(usize, f64)>> = f.exclusions.iter().map(moves_with_text).collect();
+    // Justify keeps the first row (its segments and a table on them) in place, so wraps under it
+    // set no limit.
+    let first = ft.lines.iter().find(|l| in_col(l.column)).map(|l| l.baseline);
+    let fixed = |line: usize| justify && ft.lines.get(line).zip(first).is_some_and(|(l, b)| (l.baseline - b).abs() <= 1e-9);
+    // (line, story byte, column, slot x-range, top, bottom) of each line (its band runs from its
+    // top to its baseline) and table fragment.
+    let lines = ft
+        .lines
+        .iter()
+        .enumerate()
+        .filter(|(_, l)| in_col(l.column))
+        .map(|(i, l)| (i, l.range.start, l.column, l.x0, l.x1, l.baseline - l.ascent, l.baseline));
+    let tables = ft.tables.iter().filter(|t| in_col(t.column)).map(|t| (t.line, t.anchor, t.column, t.rect.x0, t.rect.x1, t.rect.y0, t.rect.y1));
+    let mut rooms = vec![f64::INFINITY; ft.lines.len()];
+    let mut follow = Vec::new();
+    for (line, start, k, x0, x1, top, bottom) in lines.chain(tables) {
+        let Some(&before) = rooms.get(line) else { continue };
+        if fixed(line) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let mut room = before;
+        // A line that spans columns reaches past its own column.
+        let col = ft.columns.get(k as usize).copied().unwrap_or(f.area);
+        let col = Rect { x0: col.x0.min(x0), x1: col.x1.max(x1), ..col };
+        let meets = |(a, b): (f64, f64)| a < x1 - EPS && b > x0 + EPS;
+        for (e, &anchor) in f.exclusions.iter().zip(&moving).filter(|(e, _)| e.wraps_line(start)) {
+            if anchor.is_some() && !justify {
+                continue;
+            }
+            // The wrap where its object sits before the lines move (moved up by `dy`), and how
+            // far it lets this line move down (relative to its anchor's row for an object that
+            // moves with the text).
+            let dy = anchor.map_or(0.0, |(_, dy)| dy);
+            let cap = if anchor.is_some() { f64::INFINITY } else { room };
+            let mut room_e = f64::INFINITY;
+            let r = Rect { y0: e.rect.y0 - dy, y1: e.rect.y1 - dy, ..e.rect };
+            if let (WrapMode::BoundingBox | WrapMode::Contour, Some(contour)) = (e.mode, &e.contour)
+                && r.y1 > top
+                && sided(e, col, (r.x0, r.x1)).is_some_and(meets)
+            {
+                // A contour beside or under this line whose box reaches the line's slot (the
+                // contour stays inside its box). Moved down by `d`, the line's band sweeps from its
+                // top to its baseline plus `d`; the contour's extent there only grows with `d`, so
+                // the furthest clear move is found by bisection to 0.01 pt.
+                let hits = |d: f64| contour.band_extent(top + dy, bottom + d + dy).and_then(|x| sided(e, col, x)).is_some_and(meets);
+                let (mut lo, mut hi) = ((r.y0 - bottom).max(0.0), (r.y1 - top).min(f.area.y1 - bottom).min(cap));
+                if lo < hi && hits(hi) {
+                    if hits(lo) {
+                        hi = lo;
+                    }
+                    for _ in 0..64 {
+                        if hi - lo <= 0.01 {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        let mid = (lo + hi) / 2.0;
+                        if hits(mid) {
+                            hi = mid;
+                        } else {
+                            lo = mid;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    room_e = lo;
+                }
+            } else if r.y0 >= bottom - EPS {
+                // A wrap at or under this line.
+                if blocked(e, col).is_some_and(meets) {
+                    room_e = r.y0 - bottom;
+                }
+            }
+            match anchor {
+                Some((a, _)) if room_e.is_finite() => follow.push((line, a, room_e)),
+                Some(_) => {}
+                None => room = room.min(room_e),
+            }
+        }
+        rooms[line] = room;
+    }
+    (rooms, follow)
+}
+
 // ---------- caret and hit testing (Type tool) ----------
 
 /// Two stacked glyphs this far apart in `y` sit on different rows (warichu).
diff --git a/crates/compose/src/tests.rs b/crates/compose/src/tests.rs
index 107e5f5d2..d2f92f2ee 100644
--- a/crates/compose/src/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/compose/src/tests.rs
@@ -513,6 +513,7 @@ fn hostile_wrap_geometry_terminates() {
         side: WrapSide::BothSides,
         contour: None,
         after: None,
+        anchor_baseline: None,
     };
     let f = &mut specs[0];
     f.exclusions.push(ex(f64::NAN, f64::NAN, f64::NAN, f64::NAN, WrapMode::JumpObject));
@@ -573,6 +574,318 @@ fn wrap_on_both_sides_sets_text_left_then_right_of_the_object() {
     assert!(!cs.is_overset());
 }
 
+/// A 60 × 200 pt frame at the origin holding `text` with vertical justification `vj`, and a bar
+/// at `bar` whose text wrap `wrap` keeps 1 mm above it: (baseline, descent) of each line, the
+/// text area and the wrap's top (None when the bar doesn't wrap the frame).
+fn bar_chart_lines(
+    text: &str,
+    vj: designcraft_doc::VerticalJustification,
+    wrap: WrapMode,
+    side: WrapSide,
+    bar: Rect,
+) -> (Vec<(f64, f64)>, Rect, Option<f64>) {
+    let (mut d, sid, fid) = doc_with(text, Rect::new(0.0, 0.0, 60.0, 200.0), ParaAttrs::default());
+    d.item_mut(fid).unwrap().text_frame_mut().unwrap().options.vertical_justification = vj;
+    let lid = d.default_layer();
+    let id = ItemId(d.alloc());
+    let mut it = designcraft_doc::Item::new(id, lid, designcraft_doc::Shape::Rectangle, designcraft_geom::shapes::rectangle(bar));
+    it.wrap.mode = wrap;
+    it.wrap.side = side;
+    it.wrap.offsets = [72.0 / 25.4, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0];
+    d.insert_item(SpreadRef::Doc(0), it, None).unwrap();
+    let spec = frame_specs(&d, sid).remove(0);
+    let cs = compose_story(&d, sid, &ComposeOptions::default());
+    assert!(!cs.is_overset());
+    let lines = all_lines(&cs).iter().map(|l| (l.baseline, l.descent)).collect();
+    (lines, spec.area, spec.exclusions.first().map(|e| e.rect.y0))
+}
+
+/// Bottom, Center and Justify keep the lines out of a text wrap under them: a number aligned to
+/// the bottom of its frame sits on the wrap's top offset over a bar instead of on the bar (#1831),
+/// with every wrap mode that stops text there.
+#[test]
+fn vertical_justification_stops_at_a_wrap_under_the_text() {
+    use designcraft_doc::VerticalJustification::{Bottom, Center, Justify, Top};
+    let bar = Rect::new(0.0, 150.0, 60.0, 300.0);
+    for wrap in [WrapMode::BoundingBox, WrapMode::Contour, WrapMode::JumpObject, WrapMode::JumpToNextColumn] {
+        let run = |vj, text| bar_chart_lines(text, vj, wrap, WrapSide::BothSides, bar);
+        let (top, _, wrap_top) = run(Top, "42");
+        let wrap_top = wrap_top.unwrap();
+        assert!((wrap_top - (150.0 - 72.0 / 25.4)).abs() < 1e-6, "{wrap:?}: the wrap's top is 1 mm above the bar: {wrap_top}");
+
+        let (bottom, _, _) = run(Bottom, "42");
+        let b = bottom[0].0;
+        assert!((b - wrap_top).abs() < 1e-6, "{wrap:?}: Bottom put the baseline at {b}, not on the wrap's top at {wrap_top}");
+        assert!(b > top[0].0 + 50.0, "{wrap:?}: Bottom moved the line down: {b}, {}", top[0].0);
+
+        // Center takes half the room Bottom takes.
+        let (center, _, _) = run(Center, "42");
+        assert!((center[0].0 - top[0].0 - (b - top[0].0) / 2.0).abs() < 1e-6, "{wrap:?}: Center at {}, Bottom at {b}", center[0].0);
+
+        // Justify keeps the first baseline and puts the last where Bottom puts it.
+        let (top2, _, _) = run(Top, "12\n34");
+        let (bottom2, _, _) = run(Bottom, "12\n34");
+        let (justify, _, _) = run(Justify, "12\n34");
+        assert_eq!(justify.len(), 2);
+        assert!((justify[0].0 - top2[0].0).abs() < 1e-6, "{wrap:?}: Justify moved the first line: {justify:?}");
+        assert!((justify[1].0 - bottom2[1].0).abs() < 1e-6, "{wrap:?}: Justify {justify:?}, Bottom {bottom2:?}");
+        assert!(justify[1].0 <= wrap_top + 1e-6);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Without a wrap, or beside one, Bottom still moves the text down to the text area's bottom.
+#[test]
+fn vertical_justification_passes_wraps_that_do_not_stop_the_text() {
+    use designcraft_doc::VerticalJustification::Bottom;
+    // Wrap off: the number goes down over the bar.
+    let (lines, area, wrap_top) = bar_chart_lines("42", Bottom, WrapMode::None, WrapSide::BothSides, Rect::new(0.0, 150.0, 60.0, 300.0));
+    assert!(wrap_top.is_none());
+    assert!((lines[0].0 - area.y1).abs() < 1e-6, "{lines:?}, bottom {}", area.y1);
+    // A bar on the right half from the frame's top: the number is set beside it and goes down
+    // beside it.
+    let (lines, area, wrap_top) = bar_chart_lines("42", Bottom, WrapMode::BoundingBox, WrapSide::BothSides, Rect::new(30.0, 0.0, 60.0, 300.0));
+    assert!(wrap_top.is_some());
+    assert!((lines[0].0 - area.y1).abs() < 1e-6, "{lines:?}, bottom {}", area.y1);
+}
+
+/// A one-sided wrap in the second column leaves the first column's lines free to go down, as it
+/// leaves them when they are set.
+#[test]
+fn vertical_justification_passes_a_one_sided_wrap_in_another_column() {
+    let (mut d, sid, fid) = doc_with("One", Rect::new(0.0, 0.0, 400.0, 200.0), ParaAttrs::default());
+    let o = &mut d.item_mut(fid).unwrap().text_frame_mut().unwrap().options;
+    o.columns = 2;
+    o.vertical_justification = designcraft_doc::VerticalJustification::Bottom;
+    let lid = d.default_layer();
+    let mut it = designcraft_doc::Item::new(
+        ItemId(d.alloc()),
+        lid,
+        designcraft_doc::Shape::Rectangle,
+        designcraft_geom::shapes::rectangle(Rect::new(250.0, 100.0, 350.0, 300.0)),
+    );
+    it.wrap.mode = WrapMode::BoundingBox;
+    it.wrap.side = WrapSide::RightSide;
+    d.insert_item(SpreadRef::Doc(0), it, None).unwrap();
+    let cs = compose_story(&d, sid, &ComposeOptions::default());
+    let l = all_lines(&cs)[0];
+    assert_eq!(l.column, 0);
+    assert!((l.baseline - 200.0).abs() < 1e-6, "baseline {}", l.baseline);
+}
+
+/// Beside a contour that widens further down, Bottom moves a line only as far as its band stays
+/// clear of the contour.
+#[test]
+fn vertical_justification_stops_where_a_contour_beside_the_text_widens() {
+    use designcraft_doc::VerticalJustification::{Bottom, Top};
+    // Right edge fixed at 60, left edge x = 55 − 50y/190 from y = 0 down to y = 190.
+    let edge = |y: f64| 55.0 - 50.0 * y / 190.0;
+    let pts = [Point::new(55.0, 0.0), Point::new(60.0, 0.0), Point::new(60.0, 190.0), Point::new(5.0, 190.0)];
+    let run = |vj| {
+        let (mut d, sid, fid) = doc_with("42", Rect::new(0.0, 0.0, 60.0, 200.0), ParaAttrs::default());
+        d.item_mut(fid).unwrap().text_frame_mut().unwrap().options.vertical_justification = vj;
+        let lid = d.default_layer();
+        let path = designcraft_geom::path::PathData::single(designcraft_geom::path::SubPath::polyline(&pts, true));
+        let mut it = designcraft_doc::Item::new(ItemId(d.alloc()), lid, designcraft_doc::Shape::Polygon, path);
+        it.wrap.mode = WrapMode::Contour;
+        it.wrap.side = WrapSide::BothSides;
+        d.insert_item(SpreadRef::Doc(0), it, None).unwrap();
+        let cs = compose_story(&d, sid, &ComposeOptions::default());
+        assert!(!cs.is_overset());
+        let l = all_lines(&cs)[0];
+        (l.baseline, l.x1)
+    };
+    let (top, x1) = run(Top);
+    assert!(x1 <= edge(top) + 1e-6, "Top sets the line clear of the contour: x1 {x1}, edge {}", edge(top));
+    let (bottom, x1) = run(Bottom);
+    assert!(bottom >= top - 1e-6 && bottom < 190.0, "Bottom at {bottom}, Top at {top}");
+    assert!(x1 <= edge(bottom) + 1e-6, "Bottom moved the line into the contour: baseline {bottom}, x1 {x1}, edge {}", edge(bottom));
+}
+
+/// Under a contour whose box starts beside the column and which widens into it further down,
+/// Bottom moves a line down to where the contour meets its slot, not to the top of the box.
+#[test]
+fn vertical_justification_stops_where_a_contour_under_the_text_meets_it() {
+    // Left edge x = 70 − 40(y − 100)/90 from y = 100 down to y = 190: it crosses the column's
+    // right edge (60) at y = 122.5.
+    let pts = [Point::new(70.0, 100.0), Point::new(80.0, 100.0), Point::new(80.0, 190.0), Point::new(30.0, 190.0)];
+    let (mut d, sid, fid) = doc_with("42", Rect::new(0.0, 0.0, 60.0, 200.0), ParaAttrs::default());
+    d.item_mut(fid).unwrap().text_frame_mut().unwrap().options.vertical_justification = designcraft_doc::VerticalJustification::Bottom;
+    let lid = d.default_layer();
+    let path = designcraft_geom::path::PathData::single(designcraft_geom::path::SubPath::polyline(&pts, true));
+    let mut it = designcraft_doc::Item::new(ItemId(d.alloc()), lid, designcraft_doc::Shape::Polygon, path);
+    it.wrap.mode = WrapMode::Contour;
+    it.wrap.side = WrapSide::BothSides;
+    d.insert_item(SpreadRef::Doc(0), it, None).unwrap();
+    let cs = compose_story(&d, sid, &ComposeOptions::default());
+    assert!(!cs.is_overset());
+    let b = all_lines(&cs)[0].baseline;
+    assert!(b <= 122.5 + 1e-6, "Bottom moved the baseline to {b}, past where the contour meets the column at 122.5");
+    assert!(b > 122.0, "Bottom stopped the line at {b}, short of where the contour meets the column at 122.5");
+}
+
+/// An object anchored in the text and positioned from its anchor moves down with the lines, so
+/// Center places lines above it as it places them without its wrap.
+#[test]
+fn vertical_justification_passes_an_anchored_object_that_moves_with_the_text() {
+    let baselines = |wrap| {
+        let (mut d, sid, fid) = doc_with("One\nTwo", Rect::new(0.0, 0.0, 300.0, 400.0), ParaAttrs::default());
+        d.item_mut(fid).unwrap().text_frame_mut().unwrap().options.vertical_justification = designcraft_doc::VerticalJustification::Center;
+        // Hung 40 pt under the first line's baseline, under the second line.
+        anchor_box(&mut d, sid, 1, 0.0, 40.0, true, wrap);
+        let cs = compose_story(&d, sid, &ComposeOptions::default());
+        all_lines(&cs).iter().map(|l| l.baseline).collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    };
+    let plain = baselines(WrapMode::None);
+    let wrapped = baselines(WrapMode::BoundingBox);
+    assert_eq!(plain.len(), 2);
+    assert!(plain[0] > 150.0, "Center moved the lines down: {plain:?}");
+    assert_eq!(plain.len(), wrapped.len());
+    assert!(plain.iter().zip(&wrapped).all(|(a, b)| (a - b).abs() < 1e-6), "without the wrap {plain:?}, with it {wrapped:?}");
+}
+
+/// Justify keeps the first line in place, so a wrap between it and the next line does not stop
+/// the later lines from spreading down to the text area's bottom.
+#[test]
+fn vertical_justify_passes_a_wrap_under_the_first_line() {
+    let (mut d, sid, fid) = doc_with("One\nTwo\nSix", Rect::new(0.0, 0.0, 300.0, 400.0), ParaAttrs::default());
+    d.item_mut(fid).unwrap().text_frame_mut().unwrap().options.vertical_justification = designcraft_doc::VerticalJustification::Justify;
+    let lid = d.default_layer();
+    let mut it = designcraft_doc::Item::new(
+        ItemId(d.alloc()),
+        lid,
+        designcraft_doc::Shape::Rectangle,
+        designcraft_geom::shapes::rectangle(Rect::new(0.0, 20.0, 300.0, 40.0)),
+    );
+    it.wrap.mode = WrapMode::JumpObject;
+    d.insert_item(SpreadRef::Doc(0), it, None).unwrap();
+    let cs = compose_story(&d, sid, &ComposeOptions::default());
+    let lines = all_lines(&cs);
+    assert_eq!(lines.len(), 3);
+    assert!(
+        lines[0].baseline < 20.0 && lines[1].baseline - lines[1].ascent >= 40.0 - 1e-6,
+        "{:?}",
+        lines.iter().map(|l| l.baseline).collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    );
+    let last = lines[2];
+    assert!((last.baseline - 400.0).abs() < 1e-6, "{:?}", lines.iter().map(|l| l.baseline).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+}
+
+/// Justify moves each row by its own share of the space, so a wrap between the second and third
+/// rows limits the second row's move, not the third's.
+#[test]
+fn vertical_justify_limits_each_row_by_the_wrap_under_it() {
+    use designcraft_doc::VerticalJustification::{Justify, Top};
+    let para = ParaAttrs { space_before: Some(40.0), ..Default::default() };
+    let run = |vj, bar: Option<Rect>| {
+        let (mut d, sid, fid) = doc_with("One\nTwo\nSix", Rect::new(0.0, 0.0, 300.0, 400.0), para.clone());
+        d.item_mut(fid).unwrap().text_frame_mut().unwrap().options.vertical_justification = vj;
+        if let Some(bar) = bar {
+            let lid = d.default_layer();
+            let mut it =
+                designcraft_doc::Item::new(ItemId(d.alloc()), lid, designcraft_doc::Shape::Rectangle, designcraft_geom::shapes::rectangle(bar));
+            it.wrap.mode = WrapMode::JumpObject;
+            d.insert_item(SpreadRef::Doc(0), it, None).unwrap();
+        }
+        let cs = compose_story(&d, sid, &ComposeOptions::default());
+        all_lines(&cs).iter().map(|l| (l.baseline, l.ascent, l.descent)).collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    };
+    let top = run(Top, None);
+    assert_eq!(top.len(), 3);
+    let b2 = top[1].0;
+    let (b3, a3, _) = top[2];
+    // A bar 20 pt under the second baseline, clear of the third line.
+    let bar = Rect::new(0.0, b2 + 20.0, 300.0, b2 + 30.0);
+    assert!(b3 - a3 > bar.y1, "the third line starts under the bar: {top:?}");
+    let set = run(Top, Some(bar));
+    assert!(set.iter().zip(&top).all(|(a, b)| (a.0 - b.0).abs() < 1e-6), "the bar moves no line: {set:?}");
+    let justify = run(Justify, Some(bar));
+    assert!((justify[0].0 - top[0].0).abs() < 1e-6, "{justify:?}");
+    // The second row's baseline comes down to the bar; the third row moves twice as far.
+    let moved = justify[1].0 - b2;
+    assert!((moved - 20.0).abs() < 1e-6, "the second row moved {moved}: {justify:?}");
+    assert!((justify[2].0 - b3 - 2.0 * moved).abs() < 1e-6, "{justify:?}");
+}
+
+/// Each anchored object's own position decides whether its wrap moves with the text: a fixed
+/// object without a wrap on the same line leaves the moving one skipped.
+#[test]
+fn vertical_justification_matches_each_wrap_to_its_anchored_object() {
+    let baselines = |wrap| {
+        let (mut d, sid, fid) = doc_with("One\nTwo", Rect::new(0.0, 0.0, 300.0, 400.0), ParaAttrs::default());
+        d.item_mut(fid).unwrap().text_frame_mut().unwrap().options.vertical_justification = designcraft_doc::VerticalJustification::Center;
+        // A fixed object from the frame's top, then one hung 40 pt under the first line.
+        anchor_box(&mut d, sid, 1, 150.0, 0.0, false, WrapMode::None);
+        anchor_box(&mut d, sid, 1 + OBJECT_LEN, 0.0, 40.0, true, wrap);
+        let cs = compose_story(&d, sid, &ComposeOptions::default());
+        assert_eq!(cs.frames[0].objects.len(), 2);
+        all_lines(&cs).iter().map(|l| l.baseline).collect::<Vec<_>>()
+    };
+    let plain = baselines(WrapMode::None);
+    let wrapped = baselines(WrapMode::BoundingBox);
+    assert!(plain[0] > 150.0, "Center moved the lines down: {plain:?}");
+    assert_eq!(plain.len(), wrapped.len());
+    assert!(plain.iter().zip(&wrapped).all(|(a, b)| (a - b).abs() < 1e-6), "without the wrap {plain:?}, with it {wrapped:?}");
+}
+
+/// An object positioned from its anchor but kept within its column can stop at the column's
+/// bottom, so Bottom does not move the lines after its anchor into it.
+#[test]
+fn vertical_justification_stops_at_an_anchored_object_kept_within_its_column() {
+    let (mut d, sid, fid) = doc_with("One\nTwo", Rect::new(0.0, 0.0, 300.0, 400.0), ParaAttrs::default());
+    d.item_mut(fid).unwrap().text_frame_mut().unwrap().options.vertical_justification = designcraft_doc::VerticalJustification::Bottom;
+    anchor_box(&mut d, sid, 1, 0.0, 40.0, true, WrapMode::BoundingBox);
+    if let designcraft_doc::AnchorPosition::Custom { keep_within_column, .. } =
+        &mut std::sync::Arc::make_mut(&mut d.story_mut(sid).unwrap().objects[0]).position
+    {
+        *keep_within_column = true;
+    }
+    let cs = compose_story(&d, sid, &ComposeOptions::default());
+    let lines = all_lines(&cs);
+    let o = &cs.frames[0].objects[0];
+    let (top, bottom) = (o.origin.y, o.origin.y + 60.0);
+    assert!(bottom <= 400.0 + 1e-6, "the object stays in the column: {top}..{bottom}");
+    let l = lines[1];
+    assert!(
+        l.baseline <= top + 1e-6 || l.baseline - l.ascent >= bottom - 1e-6,
+        "the second line at {} meets the object at {top}..{bottom}",
+        l.baseline
+    );
+}
+
+/// Justify keeps the first line in place and moves later lines further, so an object anchored in
+/// the first line and hung under the last one still stops the lines after its anchor.
+#[test]
+fn vertical_justify_stops_at_an_object_anchored_above_the_lines_it_wraps() {
+    let (mut d, sid, fid) = doc_with("One\nTwo\nSix", Rect::new(0.0, 0.0, 300.0, 400.0), ParaAttrs::default());
+    d.item_mut(fid).unwrap().text_frame_mut().unwrap().options.vertical_justification = designcraft_doc::VerticalJustification::Justify;
+    anchor_box(&mut d, sid, 1, 0.0, 50.0, true, WrapMode::BoundingBox);
+    let cs = compose_story(&d, sid, &ComposeOptions::default());
+    let lines = all_lines(&cs);
+    assert_eq!(lines.len(), 3);
+    let top = cs.frames[0].objects[0].origin.y;
+    assert!((top - lines[0].baseline - 50.0).abs() < 1e-6, "the object hangs 50 pt under the first line: {top}, {}", lines[0].baseline);
+    let last = lines[2].baseline;
+    assert!(last <= top + 1e-6, "Justify moved the last line to {last}, into the object at {top}");
+    assert!(last > lines[0].baseline + 40.0, "Justify spread the lines: {:?}", lines.iter().map(|l| l.baseline).collect::<Vec<_>>());
+}
+
+/// Justify moves an object anchored in the second line with that line, so the third line spreads
+/// down until it meets the object where it ends up, not where it started.
+#[test]
+fn vertical_justify_follows_an_object_anchored_in_a_later_line() {
+    let (mut d, sid, fid) = doc_with("One\nTwo\nSix", Rect::new(0.0, 0.0, 300.0, 400.0), ParaAttrs::default());
+    d.item_mut(fid).unwrap().text_frame_mut().unwrap().options.vertical_justification = designcraft_doc::VerticalJustification::Justify;
+    anchor_box(&mut d, sid, 5, 0.0, 40.0, true, WrapMode::BoundingBox);
+    let cs = compose_story(&d, sid, &ComposeOptions::default());
+    let lines = all_lines(&cs);
+    assert_eq!(lines.len(), 3);
+    let baselines = lines.iter().map(|l| l.baseline).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let top = cs.frames[0].objects[0].origin.y;
+    assert!((top - lines[1].baseline - 40.0).abs() < 1e-6, "the object hangs 40 pt under the second line: {top}, {baselines:?}");
+    let last = lines[2].baseline;
+    assert!((top - last).abs() < 1e-6, "Justify moved the last line to {last}, not down to the object at {top}: {baselines:?}");
+}
+
 /// An Alpha Channel contour counts only where the graphic's clipping path shows the image: here
 /// the visible pixels are in the right half and the clipping path shows the left half, so the
 /// image wraps nothing; inverted, the clipping path shows the right half and the image wraps.
@@ -2660,6 +2973,69 @@ fn vertical_justification_keeps_lines_inside_a_shaped_frame() {
     assert!((last.baseline - 260.0).abs() < 1e-3, "Bottom: last baseline at {}", last.baseline);
 }
 
+/// In a shaped frame with a text wrap under the text, Center, Bottom and Justify keep the lines
+/// inside the outline and out of the wrap together: in a triangle that widens downward, Bottom and
+/// Justify put the last baseline on the wrap's top and Center moves half as far; in one that
+/// narrows downward, the outline stops the lines above the wrap, where they stop without it.
+#[test]
+fn vertical_justification_keeps_a_shaped_frame_and_a_wrap_under_the_text_together() {
+    use designcraft_doc::VerticalJustification::{self, Bottom, Center, Justify, Top};
+    use designcraft_geom::{Anchor, PathData, Point, SubPath};
+    let compose_with = |tri: [Point; 3], mode: VerticalJustification, bar: bool| {
+        let (mut d, sid, fid) = doc_with("Typography\ngypsy", Rect::new(0.0, 0.0, 300.0, 300.0), ParaAttrs::default());
+        let it = d.item_mut(fid).unwrap();
+        it.path = PathData::single(SubPath { anchors: tri.iter().map(|&p| Anchor::corner(p)).collect(), closed: true });
+        let o = &mut it.text_frame_mut().unwrap().options;
+        o.vertical_justification = mode;
+        o.inset = [0.0; 4];
+        if bar {
+            let lid = d.default_layer();
+            let mut it = designcraft_doc::Item::new(
+                ItemId(d.alloc()),
+                lid,
+                designcraft_doc::Shape::Rectangle,
+                designcraft_geom::shapes::rectangle(Rect::new(0.0, 250.0, 300.0, 400.0)),
+            );
+            it.wrap.mode = WrapMode::JumpObject;
+            d.insert_item(SpreadRef::Doc(0), it, None).unwrap();
+        }
+        let cs = compose_story(&d, sid, &ComposeOptions::default());
+        assert!(!cs.is_overset(), "{mode:?}");
+        let lines: Vec<Line> = all_lines(&cs).into_iter().cloned().collect();
+        assert!(lines.len() >= 2, "{mode:?}: {lines:?}");
+        lines
+    };
+    let up = [Point::new(150.0, 0.0), Point::new(300.0, 300.0), Point::new(0.0, 300.0)];
+    let top = compose_with(up, Top, true);
+    let top_last = top[top.len() - 1].baseline;
+    for mode in [Bottom, Justify] {
+        let lines = compose_with(up, mode, true);
+        let last = lines[lines.len() - 1].baseline;
+        assert!((last - 250.0).abs() < 1e-3, "{mode:?}: last baseline at {last}, wrap top at 250: {lines:?}");
+        for (k, l) in lines.iter().enumerate() {
+            let bottom = if k + 1 == lines.len() { l.baseline } else { l.baseline + l.descent };
+            let top = l.baseline - l.ascent;
+            for (x, y) in [(l.x0, top), (l.x1, top), (l.x0, bottom), (l.x1, bottom)] {
+                assert!((x - 150.0).abs() <= y / 2.0 + 1e-3, "{mode:?}: line {k} corner ({x}, {y}) outside the triangle: {lines:?}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    let center = compose_with(up, Center, true);
+    let center_last = center[center.len() - 1].baseline;
+    assert!((center_last - (top_last + 250.0) / 2.0).abs() < 1e-3, "Center: last baseline at {center_last}, Top at {top_last}");
+
+    let down = [Point::new(0.0, 0.0), Point::new(300.0, 0.0), Point::new(150.0, 300.0)];
+    for mode in [Center, Bottom, Justify] {
+        let with = compose_with(down, mode, true);
+        let without = compose_with(down, mode, false);
+        assert!(without[without.len() - 1].baseline < 250.0, "{mode:?}: {without:?}");
+        assert_eq!(with.len(), without.len());
+        for (a, b) in with.iter().zip(&without) {
+            assert!((a.baseline - b.baseline).abs() < 1e-3, "{mode:?}: {with:?} with the wrap, {without:?} without");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn table_rows_clear_footnotes_and_continue_in_the_next_column() {
     for span in [false, true] {
diff --git a/crates/compose/src/wrap.rs b/crates/compose/src/wrap.rs
index cdb3ff7c0..1424d9dd5 100644
--- a/crates/compose/src/wrap.rs
+++ b/crates/compose/src/wrap.rs
@@ -47,6 +47,8 @@ pub(crate) struct Obstacle<'a> {
     xf: Affine,
     /// Story byte of the anchor, for obstacles in their own story.
     anchor: Option<usize>,
+    /// Baseline of the line holding the anchor, for obstacles in their own story.
+    anchor_baseline: Option<f64>,
 }
 
 /// The wrap may be set on the frame or on its placed graphic (Direct Selection).
@@ -128,7 +130,8 @@ pub(crate) fn obstacles<'a>(doc: &Document, story: &'a Story, cs: &ComposedStory
             } else {
                 None
             };
-            out.push(Obstacle { spread: loc.spread, item: &obj.item, xf, anchor });
+            let anchor_baseline = anchor.and_then(|_| ft.lines.get(o.line)).map(|l| l.baseline);
+            out.push(Obstacle { spread: loc.spread, item: &obj.item, xf, anchor, anchor_baseline });
         }
     }
     out
@@ -159,6 +162,7 @@ pub(crate) fn exclusions(doc: &Document, specs: &[FrameSpec], obs: &[Obstacle])
                 let r = e.rect;
                 if r.is_finite() && r.x0 < a.x1 && r.x1 > a.x0 && r.y0 < a.y1 && r.y1 > a.y0 {
                     e.after = ob.anchor;
+                    e.anchor_baseline = ob.anchor_baseline;
                     ex.push(e);
                 }
             }
diff --git a/crates/render/src/blendspace.rs b/crates/render/src/blendspace.rs
index 6096b3419..5dd8232a5 100644
--- a/crates/render/src/blendspace.rs
+++ b/crates/render/src/blendspace.rs
@@ -371,10 +371,18 @@ impl Renderer {
             }
         }
         // What an object can paint on the spread: its bounds with its (and its children's)
-        // strokes and effects.
+        // strokes and effects, which are drawn through each one's transform and grow with it.
+        fn outset(it: &Item, outer: Affine, o: &mut f64) {
+            let xf = outer * it.xf;
+            let scale = crate::fx::max_scale(xf).unwrap_or(1.0);
+            *o = o.max(crate::fx::outset_scaled(it, scale) + it.stroke.extent() * scale);
+            for c in it.children() {
+                outset(c, xf, o);
+            }
+        }
         let reach = |it: &Item| {
             let mut o: f64 = 0.0;
-            it.walk(&mut |c| o = o.max(crate::fx::outset(c) + c.stroke.extent()));
+            outset(it, Affine::IDENTITY, &mut o);
             it.bounds().inflate(o + 2.0, o + 2.0)
         };
         let items: Vec<(Rect, bool)> = sp.items.iter().filter(|it| visible(it)).map(|it| (reach(it), transparent(it))).collect();
@@ -601,6 +609,39 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(draw(&doc, &mut renderer).pixels, rgb.pixels);
     }
 
+    /// A hardened outer glow is stroked through the object's transform, and through its group's,
+    /// so the ink-pass area grows by the scaled growth: the square at 30..60 glows out to -30.
+    #[test]
+    fn cmyk_area_holds_a_scaled_objects_glow() {
+        for nested in [false, true] {
+            let mut doc = document();
+            let mut item = Item::new(
+                ItemId(doc.alloc()),
+                doc.default_layer(),
+                Shape::Rectangle,
+                designcraft_geom::shapes::rectangle(Rect::new(10.0, 10.0, 20.0, 20.0)),
+            );
+            item.fill = Fill::swatch("C=100 M=0 Y=0 K=0");
+            let g = &mut item.effects.outer_glow;
+            (g.on, g.color, g.opacity, g.size, g.spread) = (true, designcraft_color::swatch::BLACK.into(), 1.0, 20.0, 100.0);
+            if nested {
+                let mut group = Item::new(ItemId(doc.alloc()), doc.default_layer(), Shape::Group, Default::default());
+                group.xf = Affine::scale(3.0);
+                group.content = Content::Group { items: vec![Arc::new(item)] };
+                doc.insert_item(SpreadRef::Doc(0), group, None).unwrap();
+            } else {
+                item.xf = Affine::scale(3.0);
+                doc.insert_item(SpreadRef::Doc(0), item, None).unwrap();
+            }
+            let cache = Cache::new();
+            let opts = RenderOptions::default();
+            let f =
+                Frame { doc: &doc, cache: &cache, view: Affine::IDENTITY, visible: Rect::new(-1e4, -1e4, 1e4, 1e4), px: 1.0, opts: &opts, mt: false };
+            let area = Renderer::new().transparent_area(&f, SpreadRef::Doc(0)).unwrap();
+            assert!(area.x0 <= -30.0, "nested {nested}: the area {area:?} holds the glow out to -30");
+        }
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn cmyk_pass_count_is_constant_and_unchanged_views_are_cached() {
         let mut doc = document();
diff --git a/crates/render/src/damage.rs b/crates/render/src/damage.rs
index ff76e0ecb..aa1780014 100644
--- a/crates/render/src/damage.rs
+++ b/crates/render/src/damage.rs
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 use designcraft_doc::{Document, Item, ItemId, SpreadRef, Story, StoryId};
 use designcraft_geom::Rect;
 
+use crate::fx::max_scale;
+
 /// Changed regions in spread coordinates, or `None` when the whole view must be repainted.
 pub fn damage(old: &Document, new: &Document) -> Option<Vec<(SpreadRef, Rect)>> {
     damage_with(old, new, None)
@@ -158,36 +160,47 @@ fn shows_other_text(d: &Document, s: &Story) -> bool {
 fn item_area(it: &Item) -> Option<Rect> {
     let mut ok = true;
     it.walk(&mut |i| {
-        // Effects spill outside; text wrap reflows other frames.
-        if i.effects.any() || i.has_wrap() {
+        // Text wrap reflows other frames. A nested item's effects are drawn through its parents'
+        // transforms, which can scale how far they reach.
+        if i.has_wrap() || !std::ptr::eq(i, it) && i.effects.any() {
             ok = false;
         }
     });
     if !ok {
         return None;
     }
-    let pad = it.stroke.extent().max(0.0) + 2.0 + if it.is_text_frame() { 24.0 } else { 0.0 };
-    Some(painted_bounds(it).inflate(pad, pad))
+    // The stroke and the effects' spread are drawn through the item's transform. The item's own
+    // drop shadow and outer glow reach `fx::outset_scaled` past what it paints; its inner effects
+    // and feathers stay inside the shape.
+    let scale = max_scale(it.xf)?;
+    let stroke = it.stroke.extent().max(0.0) * scale;
+    let pad = stroke + 2.0 + if it.is_text_frame() { 24.0 } else { 0.0 } + crate::fx::outset_scaled(it, scale);
+    if !pad.is_finite() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    Some(painted_bounds(it)?.inflate(pad, pad))
 }
 
 /// An item's bounds, grown to its text: text is composed in the box around the frame's path in
 /// the frame's own coordinates, which a sheared then rotated frame turns past its path's bounds.
-fn painted_bounds(it: &Item) -> Rect {
+/// Its children's bounds include their strokes. None when a child's transform is not finite.
+fn painted_bounds(it: &Item) -> Option<Rect> {
     let mut b = it.bounds();
     if it.is_text_frame() {
         b = b.union(it.xf.transform_rect_bbox(it.inner_bounds()));
     }
     for c in it.children() {
-        b = b.union(it.xf.transform_rect_bbox(painted_bounds(c)));
+        let stroke = c.stroke.extent().max(0.0) * max_scale(c.xf)?;
+        b = b.union(it.xf.transform_rect_bbox(painted_bounds(c)?.inflate(stroke, stroke)));
     }
-    b
+    Some(b)
 }
 
 /// A text frame's area: its spread and bounds with room for glyph overhang.
 fn frame_area(d: &Document, f: ItemId) -> Option<(SpreadRef, Rect)> {
     let loc = d.find(f)?;
     let it = d.item_at(&loc)?;
-    let b = d.parent_xf(&loc).transform_rect_bbox(painted_bounds(it));
+    let b = d.parent_xf(&loc).transform_rect_bbox(painted_bounds(it)?);
     // Overhang of italics, swashes and big initials, and anchored objects pinned to lines.
     Some((loc.spread, b.inflate(24.0 + 0.1 * b.width().max(b.height()), 24.0)))
 }
@@ -384,4 +397,124 @@ mod tests {
         let spreads: Vec<SpreadRef> = dmg.iter().map(|(r, _)| *r).collect();
         assert!(spreads.contains(&SpreadRef::Doc(1)), "{dmg:?}");
     }
+
+    /// Moving an object with a drop shadow or an outer glow damages where its effect was and is,
+    /// and every pixel the move changes lies in that damage: the canvas repaints those regions,
+    /// not the whole view.
+    #[test]
+    fn moving_an_object_with_a_shadow_or_glow_damages_its_effect_area() {
+        for glow in [false, true] {
+            let mut d = Document::new(&NewDocument { pages: 1, ..Default::default() });
+            let lid = d.default_layer();
+            let id = ItemId(d.alloc());
+            let mut it =
+                Item::new(id, lid, designcraft_doc::Shape::Rectangle, designcraft_geom::shapes::rectangle(Rect::new(100.0, 100.0, 250.0, 200.0)));
+            it.fill = designcraft_doc::Fill::swatch(designcraft_color::swatch::BLACK);
+            if glow {
+                let g = &mut it.effects.outer_glow;
+                (g.on, g.color, g.opacity, g.size, g.spread) = (true, designcraft_color::swatch::BLACK.into(), 1.0, 30.0, 20.0);
+            } else {
+                let s = &mut it.effects.drop_shadow;
+                (s.on, s.color, s.opacity, s.size, s.distance, s.spread) = (true, designcraft_color::swatch::BLACK.into(), 1.0, 20.0, 25.0, 30.0);
+            }
+            d.insert_item(SpreadRef::Doc(0), it, None).unwrap();
+            let old = d.clone();
+            let it = d.item_mut(id).unwrap();
+            it.path.transform(designcraft_geom::Affine::translate((60.0, 40.0)));
+            let changed = changed_pixels_in_damage(&old, &d);
+            assert!(changed.iter().any(|p| !Rect::new(98.0, 98.0, 312.0, 242.0).contains(*p)), "glow {glow}: the effect paints outside the object");
+        }
+        // A hardened glow on a scaled object: its growth is stroked through the transform, so it
+        // reaches three times as far on the spread as the glow's size says.
+        let mut d = Document::new(&NewDocument { pages: 1, ..Default::default() });
+        let lid = d.default_layer();
+        let id = ItemId(d.alloc());
+        let mut it = Item::new(id, lid, designcraft_doc::Shape::Rectangle, designcraft_geom::shapes::rectangle(Rect::new(50.0, 50.0, 90.0, 90.0)));
+        it.xf = designcraft_geom::Affine::scale(3.0);
+        it.fill = designcraft_doc::Fill::swatch(designcraft_color::swatch::BLACK);
+        let g = &mut it.effects.outer_glow;
+        (g.on, g.color, g.opacity, g.size, g.spread) = (true, designcraft_color::swatch::BLACK.into(), 1.0, 20.0, 100.0);
+        d.insert_item(SpreadRef::Doc(0), it, None).unwrap();
+        let old = d.clone();
+        let it = d.item_mut(id).unwrap();
+        it.xf = designcraft_geom::Affine::translate((60.0, 40.0)) * it.xf;
+        // The square covers 150..270 before the move; its glow reaches 60 pt past that.
+        let changed = changed_pixels_in_damage(&old, &d);
+        assert!(changed.iter().any(|p| p.x < 110.0), "the hard glow grows with the object's scale");
+        // An effect on an object inside a group is drawn through the group's transform: unbounded.
+        let mut d = Document::new(&NewDocument { pages: 1, ..Default::default() });
+        let lid = d.default_layer();
+        let mut child =
+            Item::new(ItemId(d.alloc()), lid, designcraft_doc::Shape::Rectangle, designcraft_geom::shapes::rectangle(Rect::new(0.0, 0.0, 9.0, 9.0)));
+        child.effects.drop_shadow.on = true;
+        let gid = ItemId(d.alloc());
+        let mut group = Item::new(gid, lid, designcraft_doc::Shape::Group, Default::default());
+        group.content = designcraft_doc::Content::Group { items: vec![Arc::new(child)] };
+        d.insert_item(SpreadRef::Doc(0), group, None).unwrap();
+        let old = d.clone();
+        d.item_mut(gid).unwrap().xf = designcraft_geom::Affine::scale(4.0);
+        assert!(damage(&old, &d).is_none());
+    }
+
+    /// A stroke is drawn through its item's transform: a frame scaled up paints its stroke that
+    /// much wider, and moving it damages all of it.
+    #[test]
+    fn moving_a_scaled_frame_damages_its_whole_stroke() {
+        let mut d = Document::new(&NewDocument { pages: 1, ..Default::default() });
+        let lid = d.default_layer();
+        let id = ItemId(d.alloc());
+        let mut it = Item::new(id, lid, designcraft_doc::Shape::Rectangle, designcraft_geom::shapes::rectangle(Rect::new(50.0, 50.0, 125.0, 100.0)));
+        it.xf = designcraft_geom::Affine::scale(2.0);
+        it.stroke.swatch = designcraft_color::swatch::BLACK.into();
+        it.stroke.weight = 20.0;
+        it.stroke.align = designcraft_doc::StrokeAlign::Outside;
+        it.effects.outer_glow.on = true;
+        it.effects.outer_glow.size = 0.0;
+        d.insert_item(SpreadRef::Doc(0), it, None).unwrap();
+        let old = d.clone();
+        let it = d.item_mut(id).unwrap();
+        it.xf = designcraft_geom::Affine::translate((60.0, 40.0)) * it.xf;
+        // The stroke reaches 40 pt past the frame's 100..250 × 100..200 outline on the spread.
+        let changed = changed_pixels_in_damage(&old, &d);
+        assert!(changed.iter().any(|p| p.x < 70.0), "the stroke paints its scaled width");
+        // The same frame inside a group with a gradient feather: the child's stroke counts too.
+        let mut d = Document::new(&NewDocument { pages: 1, ..Default::default() });
+        let mut child = old.spreads[0].items[0].as_ref().clone();
+        child.effects = Default::default();
+        child.id = ItemId(d.alloc());
+        let gid = ItemId(d.alloc());
+        let outline = designcraft_geom::shapes::rectangle(Rect::new(100.0, 100.0, 250.0, 200.0));
+        let mut group = Item::new(gid, d.default_layer(), designcraft_doc::Shape::Group, outline);
+        group.content = designcraft_doc::Content::Group { items: vec![Arc::new(child)] };
+        let gf = &mut group.effects.gradient_feather;
+        (gf.on, gf.start, gf.end) = (true, 1.0, 0.5);
+        d.insert_item(SpreadRef::Doc(0), group, None).unwrap();
+        let old = d.clone();
+        d.item_mut(gid).unwrap().xf = designcraft_geom::Affine::translate((60.0, 40.0));
+        let changed = changed_pixels_in_damage(&old, &d);
+        assert!(changed.iter().any(|p| p.x < 70.0), "the child's stroke paints its scaled width");
+    }
+
+    /// The pixels a page render changes from `old` to `new`, each checked to lie in the damage.
+    fn changed_pixels_in_damage(old: &Document, new: &Document) -> Vec<designcraft_geom::Point> {
+        let dmg = damage(old, new).expect("bounded damage");
+        let cache = designcraft_compose::Cache::new();
+        let mut r = crate::Renderer::new();
+        r.threads = 0;
+        let opts = crate::RenderOptions::default();
+        let before = r.render_page(old, &cache, 0, 1.0, false, &opts).unwrap();
+        let after = r.render_page(new, &cache, 0, 1.0, false, &opts).unwrap();
+        let mut changed = Vec::new();
+        for y in 0..before.height {
+            for x in 0..before.width {
+                if before.pixel(x, y) == after.pixel(x, y) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                let p = designcraft_geom::Point::new(f64::from(x) + 0.5, f64::from(y) + 0.5);
+                assert!(dmg.iter().any(|(_, r)| r.inflate(1.0, 1.0).contains(p)), "changed pixel {p:?} outside {dmg:?}");
+                changed.push(p);
+            }
+        }
+        changed
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/render/src/draw.rs b/crates/render/src/draw.rs
index 625338eb0..dbaa1d1b3 100644
--- a/crates/render/src/draw.rs
+++ b/crates/render/src/draw.rs
@@ -179,7 +179,10 @@ impl Renderer {
             return;
         }
         let xf = parent * it.xf;
-        let vb = xf.transform_rect_bbox(it.inner_bounds()).inflate(it.stroke.extent() + 2.0, it.stroke.extent() + 2.0);
+        // The stroke and the effects' growth are drawn through `xf`, which stretches them.
+        let scale = fx::max_scale(xf).unwrap_or(1.0);
+        let stroke = it.stroke.extent() * scale;
+        let vb = xf.transform_rect_bbox(it.inner_bounds()).inflate(stroke + 2.0, stroke + 2.0);
         // A frame with items pasted into it draws like any other object (draw_body: fill, the items
         // clipped to the frame, stroke), so its effects apply to all of it.
         if !it.children().is_empty() && !it.has_nested_items() {
@@ -193,7 +196,7 @@ impl Renderer {
             _ => 0.0,
         };
         let effects = it.effects.any() && f.opts.quality != DisplayQuality::Fast;
-        let fx_outset = if effects { fx::outset(it) } else { 0.0 };
+        let fx_outset = if effects { fx::outset_scaled(it, scale) } else { 0.0 };
         if !rect_overlaps(vb.inflate(margin + fx_outset, margin + fx_outset), f.visible) {
             return;
         }
diff --git a/crates/render/src/fx.rs b/crates/render/src/fx.rs
index 65cb4a66e..89f193d06 100644
--- a/crates/render/src/fx.rs
+++ b/crates/render/src/fx.rs
@@ -40,17 +40,37 @@ pub(crate) fn offset(angle: f64, distance: f64) -> Vec2 {
 
 /// How far (points) the effects of `it` reach outside its geometry.
 pub(crate) fn outset(it: &Item) -> f64 {
+    outset_scaled(it, 1.0)
+}
+
+/// [`outset`] for an item whose transform stretches lengths by up to `scale`: the blur and the
+/// shadow's distance are spread lengths, but the spread's growth is stroked through the item's
+/// transform and grows with it.
+pub(crate) fn outset_scaled(it: &Item, scale: f64) -> f64 {
     let e = &it.effects;
+    let extra = |size: f64, pct: f64| split(size, pct).1 * (scale - 1.0).max(0.0);
     let mut o: f64 = 0.0;
     if e.drop_shadow.on {
-        o = o.max(bound(e.drop_shadow.distance).abs() + bound(e.drop_shadow.size).abs() * 1.6 + 1.0);
+        let s = &e.drop_shadow;
+        o = o.max(bound(s.distance).abs() + bound(s.size).abs() * 1.6 + 1.0 + extra(s.size, s.spread));
     }
     if e.outer_glow.on {
-        o = o.max(bound(e.outer_glow.size).abs() * 1.6 + 1.0);
+        let g = &e.outer_glow;
+        o = o.max(bound(g.size).abs() * 1.6 + 1.0 + extra(g.size, g.spread));
     }
     o
 }
 
+/// The largest factor `m` stretches a length by (its linear part's largest singular value), or
+/// None when that is not finite.
+pub(crate) fn max_scale(m: Affine) -> Option<f64> {
+    let [a, b, c, d, _, _] = m.as_coeffs();
+    let s = a * a + b * b + c * c + d * d;
+    let det = a * d - b * c;
+    let v = ((s + (s * s - 4.0 * det * det).max(0.0).sqrt()) / 2.0).sqrt();
+    v.is_finite().then_some(v)
+}
+
 /// Whether `it` has a basic feather: a width on a closed shape.
 fn basic_feather(it: &Item) -> bool {
     it.effects.feather > 0.0 && it.path.is_closed()
@@ -120,7 +140,9 @@ impl Renderer {
     pub(crate) fn draw_item_fx(&mut self, ctx: &mut RenderContext, f: &Frame, it: &Item, bp: &BezPath, xf: Affine, page: ShownOn) {
         let doc = f.doc;
         let e = &it.effects;
-        let sw = if it.stroke.is_none() { 0.0 } else { it.stroke.extent() };
+        // The stroke and the effects' growth are drawn through `xf`, which stretches them.
+        let scale = max_scale(xf).unwrap_or(1.0);
+        let sw = if it.stroke.is_none() { 0.0 } else { it.stroke.extent() * scale };
         // Spread-space reach of what the object paints.
         let reach = xf.transform_rect_bbox(bp.bounding_box()).inflate(sw + 1.0, sw + 1.0);
         // The silhouette is the shape when the object paints its area (fill / image); text frames
@@ -150,7 +172,7 @@ impl Renderer {
             let filter = shadow(sigma, paint);
             // The offset moves the geometry, not the filter: vello drops layer content that lies
             // entirely outside the viewport before filtering.
-            let r = (reach + off).inflate(grow, grow);
+            let r = (reach + off).inflate(grow * scale, grow * scale);
             // The effect's blend sees what's behind the object: a layer around the filtered one.
             let mix = crate::blend_mode(mode).mix;
             if mix != Mix::Normal {
@@ -1516,4 +1538,86 @@ mod tests {
             }
         }
     }
+
+    /// A hardened outer glow is stroked through the item's transform, so a scaled item's glow
+    /// grows with it. The multithreaded renderer draws the glow offscreen, cropped to its reach,
+    /// and that reach scales too.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_scaled_items_hard_glow_is_not_cropped() {
+        use designcraft_doc::build::NewDocument;
+        use designcraft_doc::{Document, SpreadRef};
+        let mut d = Document::new(&NewDocument::default());
+        let lid = d.default_layer();
+        let mut it = Item::new(
+            designcraft_doc::ItemId(d.alloc()),
+            lid,
+            designcraft_doc::Shape::Rectangle,
+            designcraft_geom::shapes::rectangle(Rect::new(50.0, 50.0, 90.0, 90.0)),
+        );
+        it.xf = Affine::scale(3.0);
+        it.fill = designcraft_doc::Fill::swatch(designcraft_color::swatch::BLACK);
+        let g = &mut it.effects.outer_glow;
+        (g.on, g.color, g.opacity, g.size, g.spread) = (true, designcraft_color::swatch::BLACK.into(), 1.0, 20.0, 100.0);
+        // max_scale's own cases: a plain scale, a rotation and a shear.
+        assert_eq!(max_scale(it.xf), Some(3.0));
+        assert!((max_scale(Affine::rotate(0.7)).unwrap() - 1.0).abs() < 1e-12);
+        assert!((max_scale(Affine::skew(1.0, 0.0)).unwrap() - (1.0 + 5f64.sqrt()) / 2.0).abs() < 1e-12);
+        assert_eq!(max_scale(Affine::scale(f64::INFINITY)), None);
+        // The 20 pt growth is 60 pt on the spread: the glow covers 90..330.
+        assert_eq!(outset_scaled(&it, 3.0), outset(&it) + 40.0);
+        d.insert_item(SpreadRef::Doc(0), it, None).unwrap();
+        let cache = crate::Cache::new();
+        for threads in [0, 2] {
+            let mut r = Renderer::new();
+            r.threads = threads;
+            let page = r.render_page(&d, &cache, 0, 1.0, false, &crate::RenderOptions::default()).unwrap();
+            let p = page.pixel(100, 210);
+            let lum = u32::from(p[0]) + u32::from(p[1]) + u32::from(p[2]);
+            assert!(lum < 200, "{threads} threads: the glow 50 pt left of the scaled square is drawn, luminance {lum}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Culling measures a scaled item's stroke and hardened glow as they are drawn, through its
+    /// transform, so a view (or a repaint patch) that shows only that part still draws it.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_scaled_items_hard_glow_and_stroke_are_not_culled() {
+        use designcraft_doc::build::NewDocument;
+        use designcraft_doc::{Document, SpreadRef};
+        let square = |glow: bool| {
+            let mut d = Document::new(&NewDocument::default());
+            let lid = d.default_layer();
+            let mut it = Item::new(
+                designcraft_doc::ItemId(d.alloc()),
+                lid,
+                designcraft_doc::Shape::Rectangle,
+                designcraft_geom::shapes::rectangle(Rect::new(50.0, 50.0, 90.0, 90.0)),
+            );
+            it.xf = Affine::scale(3.0);
+            it.fill = designcraft_doc::Fill::swatch(designcraft_color::swatch::BLACK);
+            if glow {
+                let g = &mut it.effects.outer_glow;
+                (g.on, g.color, g.opacity, g.size, g.spread) = (true, designcraft_color::swatch::BLACK.into(), 1.0, 20.0, 100.0);
+            } else {
+                (it.stroke.swatch, it.stroke.weight) = (designcraft_color::swatch::BLACK.into(), 20.0);
+            }
+            d.insert_item(SpreadRef::Doc(0), it, None).unwrap();
+            d
+        };
+        let cache = crate::Cache::new();
+        let opts = crate::RenderOptions { background: Some([255, 255, 255, 255]), ..Default::default() };
+        // The square covers 150..270 on the spread. Its glow grows 60 pt (to 90), past the
+        // unscaled 33 pt reach; its 20 pt stroke is 60 pt wide (to 120), past the unscaled 22 pt.
+        for (glow, x) in [(true, 95.0), (false, 123.0)] {
+            let d = square(glow);
+            for threads in [0, 2] {
+                let mut r = Renderer::new();
+                r.threads = threads;
+                let place = [crate::Placed { spread: SpreadRef::Doc(0), xf: Affine::IDENTITY }];
+                let image = r.render(&d, &cache, &place, (4, 20), Affine::translate((-x, -200.0)), &opts);
+                let p = image.pixel(1, 10);
+                let lum = u32::from(p[0]) + u32::from(p[1]) + u32::from(p[2]);
+                assert!(lum < 200, "glow {glow}, {threads} threads: the view at x {x} shows the scaled square's edge, luminance {lum}");
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/canvas/tests.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/canvas/tests.rs
index 02a63a299..3e9040050 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/canvas/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/canvas/tests.rs
@@ -2420,6 +2420,34 @@ fn edits_patch_the_canvas_only_at_full_resolution() {
     }
 }
 
+/// Moving a frame with a drop shadow repaints the regions the frame and its shadow cover, as
+/// moving one without a shadow does, instead of rendering the whole canvas again on every step.
+#[test]
+fn moving_a_frame_with_a_drop_shadow_patches_the_canvas() {
+    let mut app = DesignApp::new(designcraft_engine::Session::new(), crate::Services::default());
+    let ctx = egui::Context::default();
+    let frame = |app: &mut DesignApp| {
+        let raw = egui::RawInput { screen_rect: Some(Rect::from_min_size(Pos2::ZERO, vec2(1200.0, 900.0))), ..Default::default() };
+        let mut out = ctx.run_ui(raw, |ui| {
+            app.logic(ui.ctx());
+            app.ui(ui);
+        });
+        out.textures_delta.clear();
+    };
+    app.run("file.new", json!({})).unwrap();
+    app.run("frame.create", json!({"rect": [72, 72, 200, 180], "content": "unassigned"})).unwrap();
+    app.run("object.fill", json!({"swatch": "[Black]"})).unwrap();
+    app.run("object.dropShadow", json!({"on": true})).unwrap();
+    for _ in 0..3 {
+        frame(&mut app);
+    }
+    for step in 1..=3 {
+        app.run("transform.move", json!({"dx": 4, "dy": 2})).unwrap();
+        frame(&mut app);
+        assert_eq!(app.canvas.patches, step, "drag step {step} repaints only what changed");
+    }
+}
+
 /// The Type tool's caret at the end of a new text frame holding `text`, the app's first frames
 /// drawn; returns the story id.
 fn typing_app(app: &mut DesignApp, ctx: &egui::Context, text: &str) -> Value {